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This page shows the electron configurations of the neutral gaseous atoms in their ground states. For each atom the subshells are given first in concise form, then with all subshells written out, followed by the number of electrons per shell. For phosphorus (element 15) as an example, the concise form is [Ne] 3s 2 3p 3.
Configurations of elements 109 and above are not available. Predictions from reliable sources have been used for these elements. Grayed out electron numbers indicate subshells filled to their maximum. Bracketed noble gas symbols on the left represent inner configurations that are the same in each period. Written out, these are: He, 2, helium : 1s 2
118 chemical elements have been identified and named officially by IUPAC.A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a type of atom which has a specific number of protons in its atomic nucleus (i.e., a specific atomic number, or Z).
This is a list of chemical elements and their atomic properties, ordered by atomic number (Z). Since valence electrons are not clearly defined for the d-block and f-block elements, there not being a clear point at which further ionisation becomes unprofitable, a purely formal definition as number of electrons in the outermost shell has been used.
The boron group is notable for trends in the electron configuration, as shown above, and in some of its elements' characteristics. Boron differs from the other group members in its hardness, refractivity and reluctance to participate in metallic bonding. An example of a trend in reactivity is boron's tendency to form reactive compounds with ...
At higher temperatures boron burns to form boron trioxide: [51] 4 B + 3 O 2 → 2 B 2 O 3 Ball-and-stick model of tetraborate anion, [B 4 O 5 (OH) 4 ] 2− , as it occurs in crystalline borax, Na 2 [B 4 O 5 (OH) 4 ]·8H 2 O. Boron atoms are pink, with bridging oxygens in red, and four hydroxyl hydrogens in white.
Boron forms covalent bonds with other nonmetals and has oxidation states of 1, 2, 3 and 4. [19] [20] [21] Boron does not occur naturally as a free element, but in compounds such as borates. The most common sources of boron are tourmaline, borax, Na 2 B 4 O 5 (OH) 4 ·8H 2 O, and kernite, Na 2 B 4 O 5 (OH) 4 ·2H 2 O. [17] it is difficult to
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 27 January 2025. Periodic table of the elements with eight or more periods Extended periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium ...