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Mechanism for acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of an amide. Upon hydrolysis, an amide converts into a carboxylic acid and an amine or ammonia (which in the presence of acid are immediately converted to ammonium salts). One of the two oxygen groups on the carboxylic acid are derived from a water molecule and the amine (or ammonia) gains the hydrogen ion.
Protonated hexamine ring-opens to expose an iminium group. Addition to the aromatic ring results in an intermediate at the oxidation state of a benzylamine. An intramolecular redox reaction then ensues, raising the benzylic carbon to the oxidation state of an aldehyde. The oxygen atom is provided by water on acid hydrolysis in the final step.
In organic chemistry, the Nef reaction is an organic reaction describing the acid hydrolysis of a salt of a primary or secondary nitroalkane (R−NO 2) to an aldehyde (R−CH=O) or a ketone (R 2 C=O) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O). The reaction has been the subject of several literature reviews. [1] [2] [3] The Nef reaction: 1. Salt of a nitroalkane ...
The reaction of fatty acids with base is the other main method of saponification. In this case, the reaction involves neutralization of the carboxylic acid. The neutralization method is used to produce industrial soaps such as those derived from magnesium, the transition metals, and aluminium.
In this method, the sodium or potassium salt of phthalimide is N-alkylated with a primary alkyl halide to give the corresponding N-alkylphthalimide. [8] [9] [10] Upon workup by acidic hydrolysis the primary amine is liberated as the amine salt. [11] Alternatively the workup may be via the Ing–Manske procedure, involving reaction with hydrazine.
Alcohols and amines react with acid halides to produce esters and amides, respectively, in a reaction formally known as the Schotten-Baumann reaction. [19] Acid halides hydrolyze in the presence of water to produce carboxylic acids, but this type of reaction is rarely useful, since carboxylic acids are typically used to synthesize acid halides.
The method is used for the fabrication of metal oxides, especially the oxides of silicon (Si) and titanium (Ti). The process involves conversion of monomers in solution into a colloidal solution ( sol ) that acts as the precursor for an integrated network (or gel ) of either discrete particles or network polymers .
Strong mineral acids can readily hydrolyse the peptide bonds in a protein (acid hydrolysis). The standard way to hydrolyze a protein or peptide into its constituent amino acids for analysis is to heat it to 105 °C for around 24 hours in 6M hydrochloric acid. [27] However, some proteins are resistant to acid hydrolysis.