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Dendritic spikes have been recorded in numerous types of neurons in the brain and are thought to have great implications in neuronal communication, memory, and learning. They are one of the major factors in long-term potentiation. A dendritic spike is initiated in the same manner as that of an axonal action potential.
An autonomous thyroid nodule or "hot nodule" is one that has thyroid function independent of the homeostatic control of the HPT axis (hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis). According to a 1993 article, such nodules need to be treated only if they become toxic; surgical excision (thyroidectomy), radioiodine therapy, or both may be used. [32]
The thyroid gland is extremely painful, rigid, and swollen, which can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. [2] Approximately half of affected adolescents and two-thirds of adults have widespread thyroid gland involvement. [3] [5] Thyroid nodules are seen in one-fourth of adult patients. [6] The surrounding skin is occasionally warm and erythematous.
Initial blood tests often include thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (T4). [9] Total and free triiodothyronine (T3) levels are less commonly used. [9] If autoimmune disease of the thyroid is suspected, blood tests looking for Anti-thyroid autoantibodies can also be obtained. Procedures such as ultrasound, biopsy and a ...
Papillary thyroid carcinoma is usually discovered on routine examination as an asymptomatic thyroid nodule that appears as a neck mass. In some instances, the mass may have produced local symptoms. This mass is normally referred to a fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) for investigation. FNA accuracy is very high and it is a process widely used ...
Simple spikes occur at rates of 17 – 150 Hz (Raman and Bean, 1999), either spontaneously or when Purkinje cells are activated synaptically by the parallel fibers, the axons of the granule cells. Complex spikes are slow, 1–3 Hz spikes, characterized by an initial prolonged large-amplitude spike, followed by a high-frequency burst of smaller ...
In subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis, thyroid function tests will also evolve through the phases and RAIU will be low in the thyrotoxic phase. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] It can be distinguished from subacute granulomatous thyroiditis by lack of pain, presence of TPO or thyroglobulin (Tg) antibodies, and normal inflammatory markers.
It has been shown that the prevalence of positive tests for thyroid antibodies increases with age, "with a frequency as high as 33 percent in women 70 years old or older." [27] Hashimoto's thyroiditis can occur at any age, including children, [119] but more commonly appears in middle age, particularly for men. [123]
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