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For example, the azole antifungals such as ketoconazole or itraconazole can be both substrates and inhibitors of the P-glycoprotein, which (among other functions) excretes toxins and drugs into the intestines. [34] Azole antifungals are also both substrates and inhibitors of the cytochrome P450 family CYP3A4, [34] causing increased ...
One, and only one, lone pair of electrons from each heteroatom in the ring is part of the aromatic bonding in an azole. Names of azoles maintain the prefix upon reduction (e.g., pyrazoline, pyrazolidine). The numbering of ring atoms in azoles starts with the heteroatom that is not part of a double bond, and then proceeds towards the other ...
1,2,4-Oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole, and 1,3,4-oxadiazole are all known and appear in a variety of pharmaceutical drugs including raltegravir, butalamine, fasiplon, oxolamine, and pleconaril. The 1,2,3-isomer is unstable and ring-opens to form the diazo ketone tautomer ; [ 2 ] however, it does exist within the unusual sydnone motif.
Some azole drugs may disrupt estrogen production in pregnancy, affecting pregnancy outcome. [ 26 ] Oral fluconazole is not associated with a significantly increased risk of birth defects overall, although it does increase the odds ratio of tetralogy of Fallot , but the absolute risk is still low. [ 27 ]
When administered orally, ketoconazole is best absorbed at highly acidic levels, so antacids or other causes of decreased stomach acid levels will lower the drug's absorption. Absorption can be increased by taking it with an acidic beverage, such as cola . [ 56 ]
The last group consists of antifungal drugs with a different mechanism of action than the other three classes. These drugs include benzoxaborole antifungals, ciclopirox olamine antifungals, thiocarbamate antifungals and undecylenic alkanolamide antifungals. Topical antifungal drugs may come with side effects such as itching and local irritation.
Oxazole is the parent compound for a vast class of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds.These are azoles with an oxygen and a nitrogen separated by one carbon. [4] Oxazoles are aromatic compounds but less so than the thiazoles.
Sulconazole (trade name Exelderm) is an antifungal medication of the imidazole class. It is available as a cream or solution to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, ringworm, jock itch, and tinea versicolor.