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Computer data storage or digital data storage is a technology consisting of computer components and recording media that are used to retain digital data. It is a core function and fundamental component of computers. [1]: 15–16 The central processing unit (CPU) of a computer is
The computer sends data to an output device; examples: monitor, printer, headphones, and speakers The computer sends and receives data via an input/output device ; examples: storage device (such as disk drive , solid-state drive , USB flash drive , memory card and tape drive ), modem , router , gateway and network adapter
Data exists in three states: data at rest, data in transit and data in use. Data within a computer, in most cases, moves as parallel data. Data moving to or from a computer, in most cases, moves as serial data. Data sourced from an analog device, such as a temperature sensor, may be converted to digital using an analog-to-digital converter.
Caching works by prefetching data before the CPU needs it, reducing latency. [55] [56] If the data the CPU needs is not in the cache, it can be accessed from main memory. [55] Cache memory is typically SRAM, while the main memory is typically DRAM. [27] RAM is volatile, meaning its contents will disappear if the computer powers down. [57]
Data processing is the collection and manipulation of digital data to produce meaningful information. [1] Data processing is a form of information processing , which is the modification (processing) of information in any manner detectable by an observer.
A computer file is a resource for recording data on a computer storage device, primarily identified by its filename. Just as words can be written on paper, so too can data be written to a computer file. Files can be shared with and transferred between computers and mobile devices via removable media, networks, or the Internet.
Networking devices includes a broad range of equipment which can be classified as core network components which interconnect other network components, hybrid components which can be found in the core or border of a network and hardware or software components which typically sit on the connection point of different networks.
Scatter-gather or vectored I/O DMA allows the transfer of data to and from multiple memory areas in a single DMA transaction. It is equivalent to the chaining together of multiple simple DMA requests. The motivation is to off-load multiple input/output interrupt and data copy tasks from the CPU. DRQ stands for Data request; DACK for Data ...