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In 1938, Craigie and Yen adapted Vi phages by selective propagation and used them at their critical test dilutions to differentiate 11 types of B. typhosus. [19] In 1943, Felix and Callow extended the method to Salmonella paratyphi B . in 1943 and differentiated 12 types with 11 phages. [ 20 ]
Samoyeds can be affected by basement membrane disease of the kidneys. It is inherited through the X chromosome and is therefore more severe in affected male dogs. Findings in male dogs include the presence of protein and glucose in the urine and the inability to concentrate urine, and progression to kidney failure by the age of 9 months and death by 16 months. [3]
Dogs will typically recover from kennel cough within a few weeks. However, secondary infections could lead to complications that could do more harm than the disease itself. [ 2 ] Several opportunistic invaders have been recovered from the respiratory tracts of dogs with kennel cough, including Streptococcus , Pasteurella , Pseudomonas , and ...
The most often used are genes pIII or pVIII of bacteriophage M13. [5] The next step is the capturing step. It involves conjugating the phage library to the desired target. This procedure is termed panning. It utilizes the binding interactions so that only specific peptides presented by bacteriophage are bound to the target.
Bacteriophage derived proteins are used for detection and removal of bacteria [2] [3] and bacterial components (especially endotoxin contaminations) in pharmaceutical and biological products, human diagnostics, food, [4] [5] and decolonization of bacteria causing nosocomial infections (e.g. MRSA).
Despite its relative rarity compared to limb prosthesis, strides have been made over the decades, with notable milestones such as the first pacemaker surgery on a dog in 1968 and successful kidney transplants in cats since the mid-1980s. This field faces challenges, particularly in canine programs, due to issues related to immunosuppression.
A test kit of a CPV positive dog. Diagnosis is made through detection of CPV2 in the feces by either an ELISA or a hemagglutination test, or by electron microscopy. PCR has become available to diagnose CPV2, and can be used later in the disease when potentially less virus is being shed in the feces that may not be detectable by ELISA. [4]
The disease remains contagious for at least two weeks following the disappearance of symptoms but has been known to last for up to a month. [19] The most common routes of entry for C. diphtheriae are the nose, tonsils, and throat. Individuals suffering from the disease may experience sore throat, weakness, fever, and swollen glands.