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For some materials and products that are sensitive to oxidative effects, radiation tolerance levels for electron-beam irradiation may be slightly higher than for gamma exposure. This is due to the higher dose rates and shorter exposure times of e-beam irradiation, which have been shown to reduce the degradative effects of oxygen.
Electron-beam machining is a process in which high-velocity electrons are concentrated into a narrow beam with a very high planar power density. The beam cross-section is then focused and directed toward the work piece, creating heat and vaporizing the material. Electron-beam machining can be used to accurately cut or bore a wide variety of metals.
To process materials, either a gamma source or an electron beam can be used. The international type IV ( wet storage ) irradiator is a common design, of which the JS6300 and JS6500 gamma sterilizers (made by 'Nordion International' [2] , which used to trade as 'Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd') are typical examples. [ 25 ]
In radiation material science the displacement damage in the alloy ( [] = displacements per atom in the solid) is a better representation of the effect of irradiation on materials properties than the fluence ( neutron fluence, []). See also Wigner effect.
Ionizing radiation (electron beams, X-rays and gamma rays) [3] may be used to kill bacteria in food or other organic material, including blood. [citation needed] Food irradiation, while effective, is seldom used due to problems with public acceptance. [4]
Heavy ion beams are generally described in terms of their energy in Mega electron volts (MeV) divided by the mass of the atomic nucleus, written "MeV/u". In order for an ion beam to be considered "swift", the constituent ions should be carbon or heavier, and the energy such that the beam particles have a velocity comparable to the Bohr velocity.
Electron-beam-induced deposition (EBID) is a process of decomposing gaseous molecules by an electron beam leading to deposition of non-volatile fragments onto a nearby substrate. The electron beam is usually provided by a scanning electron microscope , which results in high spatial accuracy (potentially below one nanometer) and the possibility ...
where E binding is the binding energy (BE) of the electron measured relative to the chemical potential, E photon is the energy of the X-ray photons being used, E kinetic is the kinetic energy of the electron as measured by the instrument and is a work function-like term for the specific surface of the material, which in real measurements ...