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Exosomes are extracellular vesicles having a unique biogenesis pathway via multivesicular bodies. Exosome formation starts with the invagination of the multi-vesicular bodies (MVBs) or late endosomes to generate intraluminal vesicles (ILVs). [57] There are various proposed mechanisms for formation of MVBs, vesicle budding, and sorting.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-delimited particles [1] that are naturally released from almost all types of cells but, unlike a cell, cannot replicate. EVs range in diameter from near the size of the smallest physically possible unilamellar liposome (around 20-30 nanometers) to as large as 10 microns or more, although the vast majority of EVs are smaller than 200 nm.
Microvesicles (ectosomes, or microparticles) are a type of extracellular vesicle (EV) that are released from the cell membrane. [1] In multicellular organisms, microvesicles and other EVs are found both in tissues (in the interstitial space between cells) and in many types of body fluids. [ 2 ]
Vesicles can also fuse with other organelles within the cell. A vesicle released from the cell is known as an extracellular vesicle. Vesicles perform a variety of functions. Because it is separated from the cytosol, the inside of the vesicle can be made to be different from the cytosolic environment. For this reason, vesicles are a basic tool ...
However, due to exosomes being small in size (30-150 nm), present in various biological fluids (such as blood, urine, saliva), sensitivity to environmental factors (such temperature, pH), complexity of drug loading efficiency, there are challenges associated with isolation, purification, delivery and drug payload.
Immunoliposome therapy is a targeted drug delivery method that involves the use of liposomes (artificial lipid bilayer vesicles) coupled with monoclonal antibodies to deliver therapeutic agents to specific sites or tissues in the body. [1]
Certain vesicle-trafficking steps require the transportation of a vesicle over a moderately small distance. For example, vesicles that transport proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface area, will be likely to use motor proteins and a cytoskeletal track to get closer to their target. Before tethering would have been appropriate ...
Uptake of extracellular molecules is also believed to be specifically mediated via receptors in caveolae. From left to right: Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis. Potocytosis is a form of receptor-mediated endocytosis that uses caveolae vesicles to bring molecules of various sizes into the cell. Unlike most endocytosis that ...