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There are several categories of diuretics. All diuretics increase the excretion of water from the body, through the kidneys. There exist several classes of diuretic, and each works in a distinct way. Alternatively, an antidiuretic, such as vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), is an agent or drug which reduces the excretion of water in urine.
The hyponatremia caused by appropriate ADH release (from the kidneys' perspective) in both CHF and cirrhosis have been shown to be an independent poor prognostic indicator of mortality. Appropriate ADH release can also be a result of non-osmotic triggers. Symptoms such as nausea/vomiting and pain are significant causes of ADH release.
Symptomatic individuals present with symptoms almost identical to those of patients who are on thiazide diuretics, given that the affected transporter is the target of thiazides. [ 5 ] Clinical signs of Gitelman syndrome include a high blood pH in combination with low levels of chloride , potassium , and magnesium in the blood and decreased ...
The most obvious cause is a kidney or systemic disorder, including amyloidosis, [2] polycystic kidney disease, [3] electrolyte imbalance, [4] [5] or some other kidney defect. [2] The major causes of acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus that produce clinical symptoms (e.g., polyuria) in the adult are lithium toxicity and high blood calcium.
Osmotic diuresis is the increase of urination rate caused by the presence of certain substances in the proximal tubule (PCT) of the kidneys. [2] The excretion occurs when substances such as glucose enter the kidney tubules and cannot be reabsorbed (due to a pathological state or the normal nature of the substance).
Loop diuretics may also precipitate kidney failure in patients concurrently taking an NSAID and an ACE inhibitor—the so-called "triple whammy" effect. [ 19 ] Because furosemide, torsemide and bumetanide are technically sulfa drugs, there is a theoretical risk that patients sensitive to sulfonamides may be sensitive to these loop diuretics.
This illustration demonstrates the normal kidney physiology, including the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT), Loop of Henle, and Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT). It also includes illustrations showing where some types of diuretics act, and what they do. Renal physiology (Latin renes, "kidneys") is the study of the physiology of the kidney.
Polyuria may also be due to various chemical substances, such as diuretics, caffeine, and ethanol. It may also occur after supraventricular tachycardias , during an onset of atrial fibrillation , childbirth , and the removal of an obstruction within the urinary tract .