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A Topological relation is a qualitative relationship between two shapes that does not depend on a measurable space (that is, coordinates). Common examples of such predicates include "A is completely inside B," "A overlaps B," "A is adjacent to B" (i.e., sharing a boundary but no interior), and "A is disjoint from B" (not touching at all).
Height fields (also known as "2 1/2 dimensional surfaces") model three-dimensional phenomena by a single functional surface, in which elevation is a function of two-dimensional location, allowing it to be represented using field techniques such as isolated points, contour lines, raster (the digital elevation model), and triangulated irregular ...
Two fundamentally spatial simulation methods are cellular automata and agent-based modeling. Cellular automata modeling imposes a fixed spatial framework such as grid cells and specifies rules that dictate the state of a cell based on the states of its neighboring cells. As time progresses, spatial patterns emerge as cells change states based ...
Principal component analysis (PCA) is a linear dimensionality reduction technique with applications in exploratory data analysis, visualization and data preprocessing.. The data is linearly transformed onto a new coordinate system such that the directions (principal components) capturing the largest variation in the data can be easily identified.
The shapefile format is a geospatial vector data format for geographic information system (GIS) software.It is developed and regulated by Esri as a mostly open specification for data interoperability among Esri and other GIS software products. [1]
ArcGIS Pro 2.6 was released in July 2020. [60] Noted features added included: [61] Voxel layers are 3D representations of data over space and time and are saved in a netCDF file. [62] Voxel layers are used to visualize complex layers such as atmospheric and oceanic data or space-time cubes. These layers are used to analyze spatial patterns of ...
The core of any GIS is a database that contains representations of geographic phenomena, modeling their geometry (location and shape) and their properties or attributes. A GIS database may be stored in a variety of forms, such as a collection of separate data files or a single spatially-enabled relational database. Collecting and managing these ...
A choropleth map brings together two datasets: spatial data representing a partition of geographic space into distinct districts, and statistical data representing a variable aggregated within each district. There are two common conceptual models of how these interact in a choropleth map: in one view, which may be called "district dominant ...