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The null coalescing operator is a binary operator that is part of the syntax for a basic conditional expression in several programming languages, such as (in alphabetical order): C# [1] since version 2.0, [2] Dart [3] since version 1.12.0, [4] PHP since version 7.0.0, [5] Perl since version 5.10 as logical defined-or, [6] PowerShell since 7.0.0, [7] and Swift [8] as nil-coalescing operator.
The cast operator is not overloadable, but one can write a conversion operator method which lives in the target class. Conversion methods can define two varieties of operators, implicit and explicit conversion operators. The implicit operator will cast without specifying with the cast operator (()) and the explicit operator requires it to be used.
When not overloaded, for the operators &&, ||, and , (the comma operator), there is a sequence point after the evaluation of the first operand. Most of the operators available in C and C++ are also available in other C-family languages such as C#, D, Java, Perl, and PHP with the same precedence, associativity, and semantics.
In these languages, the typeof operator is the method for obtaining run-time type information. In other languages, such as C# [2] or D [3] and, to some degree, in C (as part of nonstandard extensions and proposed standard revisions), [4] [5] the typeof operator returns the static type of the operand. That is, it evaluates to the declared type ...
and | are bitwise operators that occur in many programming languages. The major difference is that bitwise operations operate on the individual bits of a binary numeral, whereas conditional operators operate on logical operations. Additionally, expressions before and after a bitwise operator are always evaluated.
For example, given a = b the target a is not evaluated. Instead its value is replaced with the value of b. The scope resolution and element access operators (as in Foo::Bar and a.b, respectively) operate on identifier names; not values. In C, for instance, the array indexing operator can be used for both read access as well as assignment.
Another example is a pseudocode implementation of addition, showing how to calculate a sum of two integers a and b using bitwise operators and zero-testing: while a ≠ 0 c ← b and a b ← b xor a left shift c by 1 a ← c return b
In certain computer programming languages, the Elvis operator, often written ?:, is a binary operator that returns the evaluated first operand if that operand evaluates to a value likened to logically true (according to a language-dependent convention, in other words, a truthy value), and otherwise returns the evaluated second operand (in which case the first operand evaluated to a value ...