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The elevation is the signed angle from the x-y reference plane to the radial line segment OP, where positive angles are designated as upward, towards the zenith reference. Elevation is 90 degrees (= π / 2 radians) minus inclination. Thus, if the inclination is 60 degrees (= π / 3 radians), then the elevation is 30 degrees ...
The angle adds the third degree of freedom to this rotation representation. One may wish to express rotation as a rotation vector , or Euler vector , an un-normalized three-dimensional vector the direction of which specifies the axis, and the length of which is θ , r = θ e ^ . {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} =\theta {\hat {\mathbf {e} }}\,.}
The case of θ = φ is called an isoclinic rotation, having eigenvalues e ±iθ repeated twice, so every vector is rotated through an angle θ. The trace of a rotation matrix is equal to the sum of its eigenvalues. For n = 2, a rotation by angle θ has trace 2 cos θ. For n = 3, a rotation around any axis by angle θ has trace 1 + 2 cos θ.
The angle θ and axis unit vector e define a rotation, concisely represented by the rotation vector θe.. In mathematics, the axis–angle representation parameterizes a rotation in a three-dimensional Euclidean space by two quantities: a unit vector e indicating the direction of an axis of rotation, and an angle of rotation θ describing the magnitude and sense (e.g., clockwise) of the ...
Rotation can have a sign (as in the sign of an angle): a clockwise rotation is a negative magnitude so a counterclockwise turn has a positive magnitude. A rotation is different from other types of motions: translations , which have no fixed points, and (hyperplane) reflections , each of them having an entire ( n − 1) -dimensional flat of ...
In the new coordinate system, the point P will appear to have been rotated in the opposite direction, that is, clockwise through the angle . A rotation of axes in more than two dimensions is defined similarly. [2] [3] A rotation of axes is a linear map [4] [5] and a rigid transformation.
The minute of arc (or MOA, arcminute, or just minute) is 1 / 60 of a degree = 1 / 21,600 turn. It is denoted by a single prime ( ′ ). For example, 3° 30′ is equal to 3 × 60 + 30 = 210 minutes or 3 + 30 / 60 = 3.5 degrees. A mixed format with decimal fractions is sometimes used, e.g., 3° 5.72′ = 3 + 5.72 / 60 ...
The angle of rotation from the black ray to the green segment is 60°, from the black ray to the blue segment is 210°, and from the green to the blue segment is 210° − 60° = 150°. A complete rotation about the center point is equal to 1 tr, 360°, or 2π radians.