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Pseudobulbar affect (PBA), or emotional incontinence, is a type of neurological disorder characterized by uncontrollable episodes of crying or laughing. PBA occurs secondary to a neurologic disorder or brain injury .
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of movement disorders that appear in early childhood. [1] Signs and symptoms vary among people and over time, [1] [3] but include poor coordination, stiff muscles, weak muscles, and tremors. [1] There may be problems with sensation, vision, hearing, and speech. [1]
331.7* Cerebral degeneration in other diseases classified elsewhere; 331.8 Other cerebral degeneration; 331.9 Unspecified; 332 Parkinson's disease. 332.0 Paralysis agitans; 332.1 Secondary Parkinsonism; 333 Other extrapyramidal disease and abnormal movement disorders. 333.0 Other degenerative diseases of the basal ganglia
Ataxic cerebral palsy is known to decrease muscle tone. [3] The most common manifestation of ataxic cerebral palsy is intention (action) tremor, which is especially apparent when carrying out precise movements, such as tying shoe laces or writing with a pencil. This symptom gets progressively worse as the movement persists, causing the hand to ...
In contrast, pseudobulbar palsy is a clinical syndrome similar to bulbar palsy but in which the damage is located in upper motor neurons of the corticobulbar tracts in the mid-pons (i.e., in the cranial nerves IX-XII), that is the nerve cells coming down from the cerebral cortex innervating the motor nuclei in the medulla.
Many of the signs and symptoms of aqueductal stenosis are similar to those of hydrocephalus. These typical symptoms include: headache, nausea and vomiting, cognitive difficulty, sleepiness, seizures, balance and gait disturbances, visual abnormalities, and incontinence .
The types of spastic cerebral palsy are generally distinguished by the primary areas of the body that are affected. [2] Spastic hemiplegia Hemiplegia is a type of cerebral palsy affecting one vertical half of the body (such as one arm and one leg). [15] [16] The affected side of the body is opposite the affected area of the brain in hemiplegia.
Upper motor neuron lesions occur in the brain or the spinal cord as the result of stroke, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, cerebral palsy, atypical parkinsonisms, multiple system atrophy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.