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Vertical integration can be desirable because it secures supplies needed by the firm to produce its product and the market needed to sell the product, but it can become undesirable when a firm's actions become anti-competitive and impede free competition in an open marketplace. Vertical integration is one method of avoiding the hold-up problem.
Agribusiness is the industry, enterprises, and the field of study [1] of value chains in agriculture [2] and in the bio-economy, [3] in which case it is also called bio-business [4] [5] or bio-enterprise.
Published definitions include the World Bank’s “the term ‘’value chain’’ describes the full range of value adding activities required to bring a product or service through the different phases of production, including procurement of raw materials and other inputs”, [6] UNIDO’s “actors connected along a chain producing ...
The term "vertical farming" was coined by Gilbert Ellis Bailey in 1915 in his book Vertical Farming.His use of the term differs from the current meaning—he wrote about farming with a special interest in soil origin, its nutrient content and the view of plant life as "vertical" life forms, specifically relating to their underground root structures. [16]
A supply chain can be classified as a stage 1, 2, or 3 network. In stage 1–type supply chain, systems such as production, storage, distribution, and material control are not linked and are independent of each other. In a stage 2 supply chain, these are integrated under one plan, and enterprise resource planning (ERP) is enabled.
A chain is actually a complex and dynamic supply and demand network. [9] A typical supply chain can be divided into two stages namely, production and distribution stages. In the production stage, components and semi-finished parts are produced in manufacturing centres. The components are then put together in an assembly plant.
A commodity chain is a process used by firms to gather resources, transform them into goods or commodities, and finally, distribute them to consumers.It is a series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market.
Example of a supply-chain network. A supply-chain network (SCN) is an evolution of the basic supply chain.Due to rapid technological advancement, organizations with a basic supply chain can develop this chain into a more complex structure involving a higher level of interdependence and connectivity between more organizations, this constitutes a supply-chain network.