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The renal fascia separates the adipose capsule of kidney from the overlying pararenal fat. The deeper layers deep to the renal fascia are, in order, the adipose capsule (or perirenal fat), the renal capsule and finally the parenchyma of the renal cortex. [2] At the renal hilum, the renal capsule extends into the renal sinus. [1]
The renal pelvis is the location of several kinds of kidney cancer and is affected by infection in pyelonephritis. [citation needed] A large "staghorn" kidney stone may block all or part of the renal pelvis. The size of the renal pelvis plays a major role in the grading of hydronephrosis.
It can be the result of extravasated infiltration of the bacteria out of the renal pelvis (pyelonephritis) or a result of another kidney infection. The consequences include the infection of the neighbouring organs (for example transverse colon [1]) or retroperitoneum, and/or hypertension. [2] [3] [4] Perirenal abscess also may occur. [3]
Ultrasound findings that indicate pyelonephritis are enlargement of the kidney, edema in the renal sinus or parenchyma, bleeding, loss of corticomedullary differentiation, abscess formation, or an areas of poor blood flow on doppler ultrasound. [21] However, ultrasound findings are seen in only 20–24% of people with pyelonephritis. [21]
Pyonephrosis (from Greek pyon 'pus' and nephros 'kidney' [1]) is a dangerous kidney infection that is characterized by pus accumulation in the renal collecting system. [2] It is linked to renal collecting system blockage and suppurative renal parenchymal destruction, which result in complete or nearly complete kidney failure. [3]
Different layers of kidney depicted in a 3D medical Illustration. The renal capsule is a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney and covered in a layer of perirenal fat known as the adipose capsule of kidney. The adipose capsule is sometimes included in the structure of the renal capsule. It provides some protection from trauma and damage.
The functional substance, or parenchyma, of the human kidney is divided into two major structures: the outer renal cortex and the inner renal medulla. Grossly, these structures take the shape of eight to 18 cone-shaped renal lobes , each containing renal cortex surrounding a portion of medulla called a renal pyramid . [ 18 ]
The kidney is divided into parenchyma and renal sinus. The renal sinus is hyperechoic and is composed of calyces, the renal pelvis, fat and the major intrarenal vessels. In the normal kidney, the urinary collecting system in the renal sinus is not visible, but it creates a heteroechoic appearance with the interposed fat and vessels.