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The Malay text was first translated by W.F. Stutterheim (1936) with the help of H. Djajadiningrat, and further refined by G.E. Marrison (1951) and W. van der Molen (2007); [2] the Arabic text was first done by Djajadiningrat (1936, unpublished) and by L. Kalus (2005).
The oldest evidence of Jawi writing can be found on the 14th century Terengganu Inscription Stone, a text in Classical Malay that contains a mixture of Malay, Sanskrit and Arabic vocabularies. However, the script may have used as early as the 9th century, when Peureulak Sultanate has been established by the son of a Persian preacher.
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Cham Jawi is a variant of the Jawi adaptation of the Arabic script used to write the Cham language, mainly Western Cham.This variation of writing was developed at the beginning of the arrival of Islam in Champa around the 14th to 15th centuries, mainly due to the influence of the Sultanate of Malacca on the Malay Peninsula.
This is the first translation in Malay. The translation is in classical Malay (not to be confused with Malay) before it evolved into Indonesian and Malaysian in modern time. This translation was written with Jawi script. [11] [12] Translation by A. Hasyim in 1936, but not complete. [86] Tafsir al-Nur by Prof. T. M. Hasbi Ash-Shiddiqi in 1956.
The text is the oldest text in the corpus dated 1371, which, according to Malay Concordance Project (MCP) by Ian Proudfoot, contains 69761 words. A. Jehgoh, University of Lund , Sweden in his work Arabic Elements in Hikayat Bayan Budiman has analysed the Arabic loanwords in Hikayat Bayan Budiman.
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More recently, loans have come from Arabic, English and Malay's sister languages, Javanese and Sundanese. English loans are mostly related to trade, science and technology while Arabic loans are mostly religious as Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam, the religion of the majority of Malay speakers.