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At the bottom of the mantle lies a basal liquid silicate layer approximately 150–180 km thick. [44] [54] Mars's iron and nickel core is completely molten, with no solid inner core. [55] [56] It is around half of Mars's radius, approximately 1650–1675 km, and is enriched in light elements such as sulfur, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen. [57] [58]
Vesta (radius 262.7 ± 0.1 km), the second-largest asteroid, appears to have a differentiated interior and therefore likely was once a dwarf planet, but it is no longer very round today. [74] Pallas (radius 255.5 ± 2 km ), the third-largest asteroid, appears never to have completed differentiation and likewise has an irregular shape.
For example, if a TNO is incorrectly assumed to have a mass of 3.59 × 10 20 kg based on a radius of 350 km with a density of 2 g/cm 3 but is later discovered to have a radius of only 175 km with a density of 0.5 g/cm 3, its true mass would be only 1.12 × 10 19 kg.
Alternatively, the closely related mean diameter (), which is twice the mean radius, is also used. For a non-spherical object, the mean radius (denoted R {\displaystyle R} or r {\displaystyle r} ) is defined as the radius of the sphere that would enclose the same volume as the object. [ 1 ]
Finding k 2 is helpful in understanding the interior structure on Mars. [13] The most updated k 2 obtained by Genova's team is 0.1697 ± 0.0009. [13] As if k 2 is smaller than 0.10 a solid core would be indicated, this tells that at least the outer core is liquid on Mars, [31] and the predicted core radius is 1520–1840 km. [31]
an object of diameter 1 cm at a distance of 2.06 km; an object of diameter 725.27 km at a distance of 1 astronomical unit (AU) an object of diameter 45 866 916 km at 1 light-year; an object of diameter 1 AU (149 597 871 km) at a distance of 1 parsec (pc) Thus, the angular diameter of Earth's orbit around the Sun as viewed from a distance of 1 ...
Extra-close oppositions of Mars happen every 15 to 17 years, when we pass between Mars and the Sun around the time of its perihelion (closest point to the Sun in orbit). The minimum distance between Earth and Mars has been declining over the years, and in 2003 the minimum distance was 55.76 million km, nearer than any such encounter in almost ...
1.4 km – diameter of Dactyl, the first confirmed asteroid moon; 4.8 km – diameter of 5535 Annefrank, an inner belt asteroid; 5 km – diameter of 3753 Cruithne; 5 km – length of PSR B1257+12; 8 km – diameter of Themisto, one of Jupiter's moons; 8 km – diameter of the Vela Pulsar; 8.6 km – diameter of Callirrhoe, also known as ...