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[1] [2] Catholicism played a huge role in Spanish political thinking in nineteenth and early twentieth century Spain. The religion supported strict gender roles, which led to the repression of Spanish women and fostered ingrained sexism across the whole of Spanish society. [ 1 ]
In Education of the Heart: Women's Best Work (1869), Sarah Ellis accepted the importance of intellectual education for women alongside training in domestic duties but stressed that since women were the earliest educators of the men who predominantly ran and decided upon education in Victorian society, women primarily needed a system of ...
Since the idea was first advanced by Barbara Welter in 1966, many historians have argued that the subject is far more complex and nuanced than terms such as "Cult of Domesticity" or "True Womanhood" suggest, and that the roles played by and expected of women within the middle-class, 19th-century context were quite varied and often contradictory.
[55] [59] Judith E. Tucker, in Women in the Middle East and North Africa: Restoring Women to History, emphasizes the ways in which changes in the geopolitical and economic landscapes of the 19th century influenced women's lives and roles in Middle Eastern society. [61]
Women artists became "increasingly vocal and confident" in promoting women's work, and thus became part of the emerging image of the educated, modern and freer "New Woman". [26] In the late 19th century, Charles Dana Gibson depicted the "New Woman" in his piece, The Reason Dinner was Late, which shows a woman painting a policeman. [27] [28]
In the mid 19th-century, Minna Canth first started to address feminist issues in public debate, such as women's education and sexual double standards. [26] The Finnish women's movement organized with the foundation of the Suomen Naisyhdistys in 1884, which was the first feminist women's organisation in Finland. [27]
The Early Feminists: Radical Unitarians and the Emergence of the Women’s Rights Movement, 1831–51 (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995). Gorham, Deborah. The Victorian girl and the feminine ideal (Routledge, 2012). Hawkins, Sue. Nursing and women's labour in the nineteenth century: the quest for independence (Routledge, 2010). Kent, Christopher.
The club movement became part of Progressive era social reform, which was reflected by many of the reforms and issues addressed by club members. [4] According to Maureen A. Flanagan, [5] many women's clubs focused on the welfare of their community because of their shared experiences in tending to the well-being of home-life.