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This round was so similar to the 30-30 that you just about have to look at the headstamp to tell them apart. They are not interchangeable though. You can duplicate the .303 with a 190 gr. cast bullet. Some "old timers" I knew years ago, swore that the .303 was a better killer on larger deer and elk, than the 30-30 due to the heavier bullet.
Use whatever 170 grain ammo shoots best out of your rifle. 2 to 3 inch groups are ok. Try a box of as many brands as you can to find the ammo your rifle shoots best. Then, practice, off hand, at 100 yards, at a 9" pie plate until you can hit it every time.
I use 30-30 for truck gun and have taken rabbits, coyotes, and Mule Deer for years with it. I load slightly less than max of 748 and it has never let me down. I believe there is no better powder for 30-30. I have used Sierra, Hornady, and Win bulks, and all perform well. Best is Sierra, can cover groups of 5 with a fifty cent piece at a 150 Yards.
My personal favorite load for the .30-30 is a 170 grain Lyman 311041 bullet pushed to about 1900 fps. It hits hard, does what the caliber is supposed to do out to about 125 yards, and is very inexpensive. The .30-30 is a great caliber and all the companies make good ammo for it.
All the powders you list have loads for the .30-30. Pick one, starting load, and follow the usual work up practices and see how it performs. 748 should do well, and meters easily as a ball powder. IMR 4895 is my go to powder for loading milsurps, and will perform well in the .30-30 with the proper load though its a tad slower than optimal.
I have and use a couple popular brands of 30-30 ammo as mentioned (Remington & Winchester). I've always had very good experience with Henry rifles and my 30-30 is no exception. It's sort of unique with the lack of a loading gate and that long magazine tube. Then take that cutout in the tube to fit the 30-30 shell.
The point of wanting maximum penetration from 30-30. Mainly curiosity. Yes, I have a .348 Winchester gun. Browning model 71 and given a choice I'd take it or my Browning 1886 SRC 45-70 for grizzlies rather than a 30-30. However if I don't place the bullet right with these more powerful guns what's gonna happen? About what'd happen with a 30-30.
For my 30-30 loads, I loaded 30 gr of IMR 3031 (factory load duplication) and shot hundreds of them in practice and at game. I no longer own my 94, but if I were to begin developing a load now, I would choose different powders and bullets, and settle on what gave me the best accuracy at the range I was trying to shoot.
If I expected to take longer shots, I'd maybe opt for the .30-30. It's probably more about one's preference of bullet types. .35 Remington bullets might be a little more jarring and create broader wound channels, while .30-30 bullets of comparable weight may penetrate a little deeper due to greater sectional density.
The "lighter" ammo is GI spec. M2 ball is a 150gr @ 2750fps (+/-). This is what the 1917 Enfield was designed to shoot. Modern commercial ammo, at 2900fps (ish) won't be a safety issue in your bolt action, but might not shoot as well for accuracy, and might not be perfectly aligned with the GI sight markings. only way to know is shoot it.