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Toxic encephalopathy is a neurologic disorder caused by exposure to neurotoxic organic solvents such as toluene, following exposure to heavy metals such as manganese, as a side effect of melarsoprol treatment for African trypanosomiasis, adverse effects to prescription drugs, or exposure to extreme concentrations of any natural toxin such as cyanotoxins found in shellfish or freshwater ...
Neurotoxicity is a form of toxicity in which a biological, chemical, or physical agent produces an adverse effect on the structure or function of the central and/or peripheral nervous system. [1] It occurs when exposure to a substance – specifically, a neurotoxin or neurotoxicant – alters the normal activity of the nervous system in such a ...
Neurological signs include impaired vibratory sensation at extremities and an inability to maintain steady motion, a possible effect from psychomotor damage in the brain. Other symptoms that have been seen include fatigue, decreased strength, and unusual gait. [9]
This group of persistent health symptoms are called syndrome of irreversible lithium-effectuated neurotoxicity (SILENT). [9] The syndrome presents with irreversible neurological and neuro-psychiatric effects. [10] The neurological signs are cerebellar dysfunction, extrapyramidal symptoms, and brainstem dysfunction. [11]
Common symptoms of TTX consumption include paraesthesia (often restricted to the mouth and limbs), muscle weakness, nausea, and vomiting [55] and often manifest within 30 minutes of ingestion. [57] The primary mechanism by which TTX is toxic is through the inhibition of sodium channel function, which reduces the functional capacity of neuron ...
Olney's lesions, also known as NMDA receptor antagonist neurotoxicity (NAT), is a form of brain damage consisting of selective death of neurons but not glia, observed in restricted brain regions of rats and certain other animal models exposed to large quantities of psychoactive drugs that inhibit the normal operation of the neuronal NMDA receptor.
Depending on the type and severity of encephalopathy, common neurological symptoms are loss of cognitive function, subtle personality changes, and an inability to concentrate. Other neurological signs may include dysarthria , hypomimia , problems with movements (they can be clumsy or slow), ataxia , tremor . [ 6 ]
Signs of ethylene glycol poisoning depend upon the time after ingestion. [6] Symptoms usually follow a three-step progression, although poisoned individuals will not always develop each stage. [7] [8] Stage 1 (30 minutes to 12 hours) consists of neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms and looks similar to alcohol poisoning. [9]