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Antenna modeling, especially in Amateur Radio. Widely used as the basis for many GUI-based programs on many platforms. Version 2 is open source, but Versions 3 and 4 are commercially licensed. Momentum: commercial Yes Yes Partial Yes Yes equidistant MoM: For passive planar elements development, integrated into Keysight EEsof Advanced Design System.
The antenna pattern is the response of the antenna to a plane wave incident from a given direction or the relative power density of the wave transmitted by the antenna in a given direction. For a reciprocal antenna, these two patterns are identical. A multitude of antenna pattern measurement techniques have been developed.
4nec2 - A free NEC2/NEC4 implementation for Microsoft Windows. It is a tool for designing 2D and 3D antennas and modeling their near-field/far-field radiation patterns. Numerical Electromagnetics Code NEC2 unofficial home page - NEC2 documentation and code examples; MMANA-GAL basic - A free antenna modeling program based on MININEC. Opens .MAA ...
MER is defined as a percentage in a compatible (but reciprocal) ... ETSI technical report ETR 290: "Measurement guidelines for DVB systems", Errata 1, May 1997
For the relationship between the electric and magnetic fields, see the impedance of free space. For a 50 Ω load, knowing that P D A e = P r = V 2 /R and E 2 = μ 0 ε 0 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\frac {\mu _{0}}{\varepsilon _{0}}}}} P D ~ 377P D (E and V noted here are the RMS values averaged over time), the antenna factor is developed as:
Measurement of AoA can be done by determining the direction of propagation of a radio-frequency wave incident on an antenna array or determined from maximum signal strength during antenna rotation. The AoA can be calculated by measuring the time difference of arrival (TDOA) between individual elements of the array.
Forms of the reciprocity theorems are used in many electromagnetic applications, such as analyzing electrical networks and antenna systems. [1] For example, reciprocity implies that antennas work equally well as transmitters or receivers, and specifically that an antenna's radiation and receiving patterns are identical.
Radio propagation is the behavior of radio waves as they travel, or are propagated, from one point to another in vacuum, or into various parts of the atmosphere. [1]: 26‑1 As a form of electromagnetic radiation, like light waves, radio waves are affected by the phenomena of reflection, refraction, diffraction, absorption, polarization, and scattering. [2]