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Mass–energy emitted as gravitational waves during the most energetic black hole merger observed until 2020 (GW170729) [309] 8.8×10 47 J GRB 080916C – formerly the most powerful gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever recorded – total/true [ 310 ] isotropic energy output estimated at 8.8 × 10 47 joules (8.8 × 10 54 erg), or 4.9 times the Sun's mass ...
While general relativity replaces the scalar gravitational potential of classical physics by a symmetric rank-two tensor, the latter reduces to the former in certain limiting cases. For weak gravitational fields and slow speed relative to the speed of light, the theory's predictions converge on those of Newton's law of universal gravitation. [49]
In the differential form formulation on arbitrary space times, F = 1 / 2 F αβ dx α ∧ dx β is the electromagnetic tensor considered as a 2-form, A = A α dx α is the potential 1-form, = is the current 3-form, d is the exterior derivative, and is the Hodge star on forms defined (up to its orientation, i.e. its sign) by the ...
The work of forces generated by a potential function is known as potential energy and the forces are said to be conservative. Therefore, work on an object that is merely displaced in a conservative force field , without change in velocity or rotation, is equal to minus the change of potential energy E p of the object, W = − Δ E p ...
A contour plot of the effective potential due to gravity and the centrifugal force of a two-body system in a rotating frame of reference. The arrows indicate the downhill gradients of the potential around the five Lagrange points, toward them (red) and away from them (blue). Counterintuitively, the L 4 and L 5 points are the high points of the ...
Mass–energy equivalence states that all objects having mass, or massive objects, have a corresponding intrinsic energy, even when they are stationary.In the rest frame of an object, where by definition it is motionless and so has no momentum, the mass and energy are equal or they differ only by a constant factor, the speed of light squared (c 2).
Gravitational collapse is not the only process that could create black holes. In principle, black holes could be formed in high-energy collisions that achieve sufficient density. As of 2002, no such events have been detected, either directly or indirectly as a deficiency of the mass balance in particle accelerator experiments. [ 135 ]
This releases gravitational potential energy, causing the gas to become hotter and emit radiation. Cataclysmic variable stars, where the compact object is a white dwarf, are examples of such systems. [30] In X-ray binaries, the compact object can be either a neutron star or a black hole.