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  2. Phenylalanine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine

    L-Phenylalanine is an antagonist at α 2 δ Ca 2+ calcium channels with a K i of 980 nM. [25] In the brain, L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist at the glycine binding site of NMDA receptor [26] and at the glutamate binding site of AMPA receptor. [27]

  3. Phenethylamine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenethylamine

    In the brain, phenethylamine regulates monoamine neurotransmission by binding to trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) and inhibiting vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) in monoamine neurons. [1] [11] [12] To a lesser extent, it also acts as a neurotransmitter in the human central nervous system. [13]

  4. Catecholamine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catecholamine

    The amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine are precursors for catecholamines. Both amino acids are found in high concentrations in blood plasma and the brain. In mammals, tyrosine can be formed from dietary phenylalanine by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, found in large amounts in the liver.

  5. Monoamine neurotransmitter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_neurotransmitter

    A phylogenetic tree showing how a number of monoamine receptors are related to each other. Monoamine neurotransmitter systems occur in virtually all vertebrates, where the evolvability of these systems has served to promote the adaptability of vertebrate species to different environments.

  6. Phenylketonuria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylketonuria

    Phenylalanine is a large, neutral amino acid (LNAA). LNAAs compete for transport across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) via the large neutral amino acid transporter (LNAAT). If phenylalanine is in excess in the blood, it will saturate the transporter. Excessive levels of phenylalanine tend to decrease the levels of other LNAAs in the brain.

  7. Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylethanolamine_N...

    The active site binding region for the cofactor SAM contains a rich number of pi bonds from phenylalanine and tyrosine residues in the active site help to keep it in its binding pocket through pi stacking. Among all known PNMT variants in nature there are 7 crucial aromatic residues conserved in the active site. [5]

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  9. Neurochemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurochemistry

    Dopamine is a neurotransmitter with much importance in the limbic system which regulates emotional function regulation. Dopamine has many roles in the brain including cognition, sleep, mood, milk production, movement, motivation, and reward. [12] Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, sleep, and other roles of the brain.