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Aztec warriors led by an eagle knight, each holding a macuahuitl club. Florentine Codex, book IX, F, 5v.Manuscript written by Bernardino de Sahagún.. Before Europeans set out to discover what had been populated by others in their Age of Discovery and before the European colonization, Indigenous peoples resided in a large proportion of the world's territory.
The earliest period of Māori settlement is known as the "Archaic", "Moahunter" or "Colonisation" period. The eastern Polynesian ancestors of the Māori arrived in a forested land with abundant birdlife, including several now extinct moa species weighing between 20 kilograms (44 lb) and 250 kg (550 lb) each.
Royal Government in Colonial Brazil with Special Reference to the Administration of the Marquis of Lavradio, Viceroy 1769–1779. 1968. Bethell, Leslie, ed. Colonial Brazil. 1987. Boxer, C. R. Salvador de Sá and the struggle for Brazil and Angola, 1602–1686. [London] University of London, 1952. Boxer, C. R. The Dutch in Brazil, 1624–1654 ...
By 1800, the population of Colonial Brazil had reached approximately 2.33 million, of which only around 174,900 were Indigenous. By 1850, that number had dwindled to an estimated 78,400 out of a total population of 5.8 million. [29]
As of 2016, there were 702 Indigenous territories in Brazil, covering 1,172,995 km 2 – 14% of the country's land area. [13] As of 2020, 120 areas were in the formal process of being identified, covering a total of 1,084,049 hectares; 43 had been formally identified (2,179,316 ha); 74 had been formally declared (7,305,639 ha) and 487 had already been formally approved (106,858,319 ha).
The report argued that the bill would limit Maori rights, undermine Crown obligations, hinder Maori access to justice, erode social cohesion and diminish the constitutional status of the treaty.
In 1952, Brazil ratified the genocide convention and incorporated into their penal laws article II of the convention. [27] While the statute was being drafted, Brazil argued against the inclusion of cultural genocide, claiming that some minority groups may use it to oppose the "normal assimilation" which occurs in a new country. [ 28 ]
A common misconception is that pre-colonial Māori governance was structured into the "rigid and static structural models" (p. 19) [1]: 19 proposed by early ethnologists, such as Elsdon Best (1934): The tribal organisation of the Maori included three different groups – the tribe , the clan , and the family group ....