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Examples for different notations (the instrumentation of John Adams' Harmonielehre is used here as an example): Written out in full: [ 4 ] 4 flutes (2,3,&4= piccolos ), 3 oboes (3= English horn ), 3 clarinets (3= bass clarinet ), bass clarinet, 3 bassoons , contrabassoon , 4 horns, 4 trumpets, 3 trombones, 2 tubas , timpani , percussion (4 ...
Decibels relative to full scale (dBFS or dB FS) is a unit of measurement for amplitude levels in digital systems, such as pulse-code modulation (PCM), which have a defined maximum peak level. The unit is similar to the units dBov and decibels relative to overload ( dBO ).
Orchestral enhancement is the technique of using orchestration techniques, architectural modifications, or electronic technologies to modify the sound, complexity, or color of a musical theatre, ballet or opera pit orchestra. Orchestral enhancements are used both to create new sounds and to add capabilities to existing orchestral ensembles.
For example, a perfect fifth, say 200 and 300 Hz (cycles per second), causes a listener to perceive a combination tone of 100 Hz (the difference between 300 Hz and 200 Hz); that is, an octave below the lower (actual sounding) note. This 100 Hz first-order combination tone then interacts with both notes of the interval to produce second-order ...
Example: A 16-bit system has 2 16 different possibilities, from 0 – 65,535. The smallest signal without dithering is 1, so the number of different levels is one less, 2 16 − 1. So for a 16-bit digital system, the Dynamic Range is 20·log(2 16 − 1) ≈ 96 dB. Sample accuracy/synchronisation Not as much a specification as an ability.
Frequencies below 20 Hz are generally felt rather than heard, assuming the amplitude of the vibration is great enough. Sound frequencies above 20 kHz are called ultrasonic. Sound propagates as mechanical vibration waves of pressure and displacement, in air or other substances. [5]
Line level is the specified strength of an audio signal used to transmit analog sound between audio components such as CD and DVD players, television sets, audio amplifiers, and mixing consoles. Generally, line level signals sit in the middle of the hierarchy of signal levels in audio engineering.
Higher crest factors indicate peaks, for example sound waves tend to have high crest factors. Crest factor is the peak amplitude of the waveform divided by the RMS value of the waveform. The peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is the peak amplitude squared (giving the peak power) divided by the RMS value squared (giving the average power). [1]