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Unprotected experiments in the U.S. in 1896 with an early X-ray tube (Crookes tube), when the dangers of radiation were largely unknown.[1]The history of radiation protection begins at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries with the realization that ionizing radiation from natural and artificial sources can have harmful effects on living organisms.
On the late Friday evening of 8. November 1895, Röntgen discovered for the first time the rays which penetrate through solid materials and gave them the name X-rays.He presented this in a lecture and publication On a new type of rays - Über eine neue Art von Strahlen on 23 January 1896 at the Physical Medical Society of Würzburg.
Natural color X-ray photogram of a wine scene. Note the edges of hollow cylinders as compared to the solid candle. William Coolidge explains medical imaging and X-rays.. An X-ray (also known in many languages as Röntgen radiation) is a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than those of ultraviolet rays and longer than those of gamma rays.
The new rays came to bear his name in many languages as "Röntgen rays" (and the associated X-ray radiograms as "Röntgenograms"). At one point, while he was investigating the ability of various materials to stop the rays, Röntgen brought a small piece of lead into position while a discharge was occurring. Röntgen thus saw the first ...
1896 was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1896th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 896th year of the 2nd millennium, the 96th year of the 19th century, and the 7th year of the 1890s decade. As of the start of 1896, the ...
On 11 January 1896 he made the first use of X-rays under clinical conditions when he radiographed the hand of an associate, revealing a sterilised needle beneath the surface. [4] A month later on 14 February he took the first radiograph to direct a surgical operation. He also took the first X-ray of the human spine.
In 1896, Fleischman read of Wilhelm Röntgen's breakthrough with x-rays in Vienna, Austria: "A new photographic discovery" which sparked her interest in radiography. [7] [8] In August 1896, she attended a public lecture by and presentation on X-ray apparatus by Albert Van der Naillen in San Francisco. [9]
He opened the first x-ray laboratory in the United States in Chicago, and had completed over 1400 x-ray examinations by 1896. His work was critical to the history of radiation protection. [citation needed] He was the father of Arthur Wolfram Fuchs (1895 - 1962), the inventor of the fixed kilovoltage technique of radiography.