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Amphetamine is illegally synthesized in clandestine labs and sold on the black market, primarily in European countries. [273] Among European Union (EU) member states in 2018, 11.9 million adults of ages 15–64 have used amphetamine or methamphetamine at least once in their lives and 1.7 million have used either in the last year. [274]
Methamphetamine is excreted by the kidneys, with the rate of excretion into the urine heavily influenced by urinary pH. [26] [153] When taken orally, 30–54% of the dose is excreted in urine as methamphetamine and 10–23% as amphetamine. [153] Following IV doses, about 45% is excreted as methamphetamine and 7% as amphetamine. [153]
Amphetamine molecular structure. Methamphetamine has a methyl group attached to the nitrogen. Amphetamine, the prototypical releasing agent, which acts on norepinephrine and dopamine. An example showing a two-dimensional visual representation of the structure of the compound amphetamine, which has the composition C9H13N and a mass of 135.21.
Amphetamine type stimulants can be used in the treatment of narcolepsy, a rare neurological disorder where the brain is unable to regulate the sleep-wake mechanism. [17] Amphetamines causes an increase in dopamine release, which is the proposed mechanism for its wake-promoting effect. [18]
Some of amphetamine's substituted derivatives occur in nature, for example in the leaves of Ephedra and khat plants. [1] Amphetamine was first produced at the end of the 19th century. By the 1930s, amphetamine and some of its derivative compounds found use as decongestants in the symptomatic treatment of colds and also occasionally as ...
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) is an empathogen-entactogen, stimulant, and psychedelic drug of the amphetamine family that is encountered mainly as a recreational drug. [3] In its pharmacology , MDA is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA).
Amphetamine – systematic reviews and meta-analyses report that low-dose amphetamine may improve cognitive functions (e.g., inhibitory control, episodic memory, working memory, and aspects of attention) in healthy people and in individuals with ADHD.
The primary use of this reagent is for detecting secondary amines, such as MDMA and methamphetamine, and is typically used after the mecke or marquis reagents to differentiate between the two mentioned and amphetamine or MDA.