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Glipizide, sold under the brand name Glucotrol among others, is an anti-diabetic medication of the sulfonylurea class used to treat type 2 diabetes. [1] [2] It is used together with a diabetic diet and exercise. [1] [2] It is not indicated for use by itself in type 1 diabetes. [1] [2] It is taken by mouth.
Drug class [55] Mechanism of action [7] Advantages [55] Disadvantages [55] Sulfonylureas (glyburide, glimepiride, glipizide) Stimulating insulin release by pancreatic beta cells by inhibiting the K ATP channel: Inexpensive; Fast onset of action; No effect on blood pressure; No detrimental effect on low-density lipoprotein
Troglitazone was developed as the first anti-diabetic drug having a mechanism of action involving the enhancement of insulin resistance. At the time, it was widely believed that such drugs, by addressing the primary metabolic defect associated with Type 2 diabetes, would have numerous benefits including avoiding the risk of hypoglycemia ...
The mechanism of action on a cellular level is not well understood. Work is underway to define this mechanism as a prodiuretic with great promise. However, it has been shown that binding of different sugars to the glucose site affects the orientation of the aglycone in the access vestibule. So when the aglycone binds it affects the entire ...
Thiazolidinedione ligand dependent transactivation is responsible for the majority of anti-diabetic effects. The activated PPAR/RXR heterodimer binds to peroxisome proliferator hormone response elements upstream of target genes in complex with a number of coactivators such as nuclear receptor coactivator 1 and CREB binding protein, this causes upregulation of genes (for a full list see PPARγ):
In those already taking sulphonylureas, there is an increased risk of low blood sugar when taking a medicine in the DPP-4 drug class. [19] Adverse effects include nasopharyngitis, headache, nausea, heart failure, hypersensitivity and skin reactions. [citation needed]
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) are oral anti-diabetic drugs used for diabetes mellitus type 2 that work by preventing the digestion of carbohydrates (such as starch and table sugar). They are found in raw plants/herbs such as cinnamon and bacteria (containing the inhibitor acarbose ).
C-glucosides have a different pharmacokinetic profile than o-glucosides (e.g. half-life and duration of action) and are not degraded by the β-glucosidase. The first discovered c-glucoside was the drug dapagliflozin. [1] [14] [15] Dapagliflozin was the first highly selective SGLT-2-inhibitor approved by the European Medicines Agency. [16]