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  2. Philosophy of biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology

    Dougherty and Bittner argue that for biology to progress as a science, it has to move to more rigorous mathematical modeling, or otherwise risk to be "empty talk". [31] In tumor biology research, the characterization of cellular signaling processes has largely focused on identifying the function of individual genes and proteins.

  3. Biological determinism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_determinism

    Biological determinism, also known as genetic determinism, [1] is the belief that human behaviour is directly controlled by an individual's genes or some component of their physiology, generally at the expense of the role of the environment, whether in embryonic development or in learning. [2]

  4. Criteria of truth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criteria_of_truth

    The full meaning of an idea is self-apparent in its application. For example, the therapeutic value and effect of penicillin in relation to infections is proven in its administration. Although pragmatism is considered a valuable criterion, it must be used with caution and reservation, due to its potential for false positives. For example, a ...

  5. Biological rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_rules

    The pygmy mammoth is an example of insular dwarfism, a case of Foster's rule, its unusually small body size an adaptation to the limited resources of its island home.. A biological rule or biological law is a generalized law, principle, or rule of thumb formulated to describe patterns observed in living organisms.

  6. Evolutionary ethics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics

    The two major contributions that evolutionary biology may be able to make to this problem are, first, to justify and promote the conscious realization that it is conflicts of interest concentrated at the individual level which lead to ethical questions, and, second, to help identify the nature and intensity of the conflicts of interest involved ...

  7. C!tnugrenn nf life lltuileb §lalen

    images.huffingtonpost.com/2009-06-11-Sebelius...

    formed with full knowledge of any and all valid safety issues. The second concern is that appropriating the resources necessary to complete such a comprehensive study would be too difficult (estimates of the cost of the study fall in the range of $5-20 million).

  8. Objectivity (science) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivity_(science)

    [2]: 87 In practicing, truth-to-nature naturalists did not seek to depict exactly what was seen; rather, they sought a reasoned image. [1]: 98 In the latter half of the nineteenth-century, objectivity in science was born when a new practice of mechanical objectivity appeared.

  9. Evolution as fact and theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_as_fact_and_theory

    Professor of biology Jerry Coyne sums up biological evolution succinctly: [3]. Life on Earth evolved gradually beginning with one primitive species – perhaps a self-replicating molecule – that lived more than 3.5 billion years ago; it then branched out over time, throwing off many new and diverse species; and the mechanism for most (but not all) of evolutionary change is natural selection.