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  2. Irreducible fraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreducible_fraction

    An irreducible fraction (or fraction in lowest terms, simplest form or reduced fraction) is a fraction in which the numerator and denominator are integers that have no other common divisors than 1 (and −1, when negative numbers are considered). [1]

  3. Direct proof - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_proof

    The earliest form of mathematics was phenomenological. For example, if someone could draw a reasonable picture, or give a convincing description, then that met all the criteria for something to be described as a mathematical “fact”. On occasion, analogical arguments took place, or even by “invoking the gods”. The idea that mathematical ...

  4. Differential form - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_form

    where the f ab are formed from the electromagnetic fields and ; e.g., f 12 = E z /c, f 23 = −B z, or equivalent definitions. This form is a special case of the curvature form on the U(1) principal bundle on which both electromagnetism and general gauge theories may be described.

  5. Hilbert's problems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert's_problems

    Following Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell, Hilbert sought to define mathematics logically using the method of formal systems, i.e., finitistic proofs from an agreed-upon set of axioms. [5] One of the main goals of Hilbert's program was a finitistic proof of the consistency of the axioms of arithmetic: that is his second problem.

  6. List of undecidable problems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_undecidable_problems

    Determining whether a λ-calculus formula has a normal form. Conway's Game of Life on whether, given an initial pattern and another pattern, the latter pattern can ever appear from the initial one. Rule 110 - most questions involving "can property X appear later" are undecidable.

  7. Modular form - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_form

    Download as PDF; Printable version; ... In mathematics, a modular form is a holomorphic function on the complex ... The simplest examples from this point of view are ...

  8. Lambda calculus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_calculus

    In the simplest form of lambda calculus, terms are built using only the following rules: [a]: A variable is a character or string representing a parameter. (.): A lambda abstraction is a function definition, taking as input the bound variable (between the λ and the punctum/dot .

  9. Semi-simplicity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-simplicity

    In mathematics, semi-simplicity is a widespread concept in disciplines such as linear algebra, abstract algebra, representation theory, category theory, and algebraic geometry. A semi-simple object is one that can be decomposed into a sum of simple objects, and simple objects are those that do not contain non-trivial proper sub-objects.

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