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  2. Newton's laws of motion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_laws_of_motion

    The three laws of motion were first stated by Isaac Newton in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), originally published in 1687. [3] Newton used them to investigate and explain the motion of many physical objects and systems.

  3. Newton's law of universal gravitation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_law_of_universal...

    Around 1666 Isaac Newton developed the idea that Kepler's laws must also apply to the orbit of the Moon around the Earth and then to all objects on Earth. The analysis required assuming that the gravitation force acted as if all of the mass of the Earth were concentrated at its center, an unproven conjecture at that time.

  4. Action at a distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_at_a_distance

    Coulomb's law and Newton's law of universal gravitation are based on action at a distance. Historically, action at a distance was the earliest scientific model for gravity and electricity and it continues to be useful in many practical cases. In the 19th and 20th centuries, field models arose to explain these phenomena with more precision.

  5. Isaac Newton - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton

    Newton's laws of motion; optics; ... Sir Isaac Newton (/ ... Isaac Newton, a posthumous child born with no father on Christmas Day, 1642, was the last wonderchild to ...

  6. List of eponymous laws - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_eponymous_laws

    Discovered and stated by Isaac Newton (1643–1727), they can be formulated, in modern terms, as follows: First law: A body remains at rest, or keeps moving in a straight line (at a constant velocity), unless acted upon by a net outside force. Second law: The acceleration of an object of constant mass is proportional to the net force acting ...

  7. Force - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force

    Sir Isaac Newton described the motion of all objects using the concepts of inertia and force. In 1687, Newton published his magnum opus, Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica. [3] [14] In this work Newton set out three laws of motion that have dominated the way forces are described in physics to this day. [14]

  8. History of gravitational theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_gravitational...

    The existence of the gravitational constant was explored by various researchers from the mid-17th century, helping Isaac Newton formulate his law of universal gravitation. Newton's classical mechanics were superseded in the early 20th century, when Einstein developed the special and general theories of relativity.

  9. Classical mechanics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mechanics

    Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727), an influential figure in the history of physics and whose three laws of motion form the basis of classical mechanics Newton founded his principles of natural philosophy on three proposed laws of motion : the law of inertia , his second law of acceleration (mentioned above), and the law of action and reaction ...