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Sodium perchlorate is the precursor to ammonium, potassium and lithium perchlorate salts, often taking advantage of their low solubility in water relative to NaClO 4 (209 g/(100 mL) at 25 °C). [ 6 ] It is used for denaturating proteins in biochemistry and in standard DNA extraction and hybridization reactions in molecular biology .
Anhydrous perchloric acid is an unstable oily liquid at room temperature. It forms at least five hydrates, several of which have been characterized crystallographically. These solids consist of the perchlorate anion linked via hydrogen bonds to H 2 O and H 3 O + centers. [9] An example is hydronium perchlorate.
Perchlorate salts are typically manufactured through the process of electrolysis, which involves oxidizing aqueous solutions of corresponding chlorates. This technique is commonly employed in the production of sodium perchlorate, which finds widespread use as a key ingredient in rocket fuel. [5]
Sodium perchlorate – NaClO 4; Sodium periodate – NaIO 4; Sodium permanganate – NaMnO 4; Sodium peroxide – Na 2 O 2; Sodium peroxycarbonate – Na 2 CO 4; Sodium perrhenate – NaReO 4; Sodium persulfate – Na 2 S 2 O 8; Sodium phosphate; see trisodium phosphate – Na 3 PO 4; Sodium selenate – Na 2 O 4 Se; Sodium selenide – Na 2 Se ...
For large-scale manufacturing purposes, barium perchlorate is synthesized by evaporating a solution of sodium perchlorate and barium chloride. [3] Another method of preparation involves the digestion of a saturated solution of ammonium perchlorate with hydrated barium hydroxide in 5-10% excess of the theoretical amount. [5]
Sodium perchlorate (NaClO 4) is often used as a background electrolyte because of its convenient properties to fulfil this function. It is a highly soluble salt (2096 g/L at 25 °C) allowing to increase the ionic strength of a solution up to 8 M. It is not a complexing ligand, thus it does not interfere in complexation studies.
The following chart shows the solubility of various ionic compounds in water at 1 atm pressure and room temperature (approx. 25 °C, 298.15 K). "Soluble" means the ionic compound doesn't precipitate, while "slightly soluble" and "insoluble" mean that a solid will precipitate; "slightly soluble" compounds like calcium sulfate may require heat to precipitate.
Such solutions are employed in Diels–Alder reactions, where it is proposed that the Lewis acidic Li + binds to Lewis basic sites on the dienophile, thereby accelerating the reaction. [8] Lithium perchlorate is also used as a co-catalyst in the coupling of α,β-unsaturated carbonyls with aldehydes, also known as the Baylis–Hillman reaction. [9]