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Tensile testing, also known as tension testing, [1] is a fundamental materials science and engineering test in which a sample is subjected to a controlled tension until failure. Properties that are directly measured via a tensile test are ultimate tensile strength , breaking strength , maximum elongation and reduction in area. [ 2 ]
The ultimate tensile strength of a material is an intensive property; therefore its value does not depend on the size of the test specimen.However, depending on the material, it may be dependent on other factors, such as the preparation of the specimen, the presence or otherwise of surface defects, and the temperature of the test environment and material.
The strength of materials is determined using various methods of calculating the stresses and strains in structural members, such as beams, columns, and shafts. The methods employed to predict the response of a structure under loading and its susceptibility to various failure modes takes into account the properties of the materials such as its yield strength, ultimate strength, Young's modulus ...
1940s flexural test machinery working on a sample of concrete Test fixture on universal testing machine for three-point flex test. The three-point bending flexural test provides values for the modulus of elasticity in bending, flexural stress, flexural strain and the flexural stress–strain response of the material.
where is the volume fraction of the fibers in the composite (and is the volume fraction of the matrix).. If it is assumed that the composite material behaves as a linear-elastic material, i.e., abiding Hooke's law = for some elastic modulus of the composite and some strain of the composite , then equations 1 and 2 can be combined to give
It also corresponds to the “strength” (ultimate tensile stress), at least for metals that do neck (which covers the majority of “engineering” metals). On the other hand, the peak in a nominal stress-strain curve is commonly a fairly flat plateau, rather than a sharp maximum, so accurate assessment of the strain at the onset of necking ...
Values for the flexural strength measured with four-point bending will be significantly lower than with three-point bending., [8] Compared with three-point bending test, this method is more suitable for strength evaluation of butt joint specimens. The advantage of four-point bending test is that a larger portion of the specimen between two ...
Properties that are directly measured via a tensile test are the ultimate tensile strength, maximum elongation and reduction in cross-section area. From these measurements, properties such as Young's modulus , Poisson's ratio , yield strength , and the strain-hardening characteristics of the sample can be determined.