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Plasticity in a crystal of pure metal is primarily caused by two modes of deformation in the crystal lattice: slip and twinning. Slip is a shear deformation which moves the atoms through many interatomic distances relative to their initial positions.
The plasticity index is the size of the range of water contents where the soil exhibits plastic properties. The PI is the difference between the liquid and plastic limits (PI = LL-PL). Soils with a high PI tend to be clay, those with a lower PI tend to be silt, and those with a PI of 0 (non-plastic) tend to have little or no silt or clay.
The maximum stress criterion assumes that a material fails when the maximum principal stress in a material element exceeds the uniaxial tensile strength of the material. Alternatively, the material will fail if the minimum principal stress σ 3 {\displaystyle \sigma _{3}} is less than the uniaxial compressive strength of the material.
Cohesive strength (c) for some materials Material Cohesive strength in kPa Cohesive strength in psi; Rock: 10 000: 1450: Silt: 75: 10: Clay: 10 to 200: 1.5 to 30: Very soft clay 0 to 48: 0 to 7: Soft clay 48 to 96: 7 to 14: Medium clay 96 to 192: 14 to 28: Stiff clay 192 to 384: 28 to 56: Very stiff clay 384 to 766: 28 to 110: Hard clay > 766 > 110
The criterion was introduced to deal with the plastic deformation of soils. It and its many variants have been applied to rock, concrete, polymers, foams, and other pressure-dependent materials. The Drucker–Prager yield criterion has the form = +
High-quality clay is also tough, as measured by the amount of mechanical work required to roll a sample of clay flat. Its toughness reflects a high degree of internal cohesion. [12] Clay has a high content of clay minerals that give it its plasticity. Clay minerals are hydrous aluminium phyllosilicate minerals, composed of aluminium and silicon ...
A ductile material must have a high degree of plasticity and strength so that large deformations can take place without failure or rupture of the material. In ductile extension, a material that exhibits a certain amount of elasticity along with a high degree of plasticity. [3] Durability: Ability to withstand wear, pressure, or damage; hard-wearing
High-strength concrete has a compressive strength greater than 40 MPa (6000 psi). In the UK, BS EN 206-1 [3] defines High strength concrete as concrete with a compressive strength class higher than C50/60. High-strength concrete is made by lowering the water-cement (W/C) ratio to 0.35 or lower.