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Critical dimensions as step, curvature, flatness are computed from the surface topography. While the historical notion of a profilometer was a device similar to a phonograph that measures a surface as the surface is moved relative to the contact profilometer's stylus , this notion is changing with the emergence of numerous non-contact ...
In metrology and the fields that it serves (such as manufacturing, machining, and engineering), total indicator reading (TIR), also known by the newer name full indicator movement (FIM), is the difference between the maximum and minimum measurements (the range), that is, readings of an indicator, on the planar, cylindrical, or contoured surface ...
Metrology of such a surface can confirm and ensure that the required degree of flatness has been achieved as a key step in a manufacturing processes. Two parts that are flat to about 1 helium light band (HLB) can be "wrung" together, which means they will cling to each other when placed in contact. This phenomenon is commonly used with gauge ...
Flatness measurement of granite surface plates, for example, can be performed by measuring straightness of multiple lines along the flat surface, then summing the deviations in line angle over the surface. Recent advancements in applications allow angular orientation measurement of wafers. This could also be done without obstructing lines of ...
In this process, three approximately flat surfaces are progressively refined to precise flatness by manually rubbing them against each other in pairs with colouring matter in between, and then hand-scraping the high points. Any errors of flatness are removed by this scraping, since the only stable, mutually conjugate surface shape is a plane.
With modern digital equipment, the scan can be evaluated to make sure there are no obvious glitches that skew the values. Because it may not be obvious to many users what each of the measurements really mean, a simulation tool allows a user to adjust key parameters, visualizing how surfaces which are obviously different to the human eye are ...
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Construction cost estimating software is computer software designed for contractors to estimate construction costs for a specific project. A cost estimator will typically use estimating software to estimate their bid price for a project, which will ultimately become part of a resulting construction contract.