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The intelligentsia is a status class composed of the university-educated people of a society who engage in the complex mental labours by which they critique, shape, and lead in the politics, policies, and culture of their society; [1] as such, the intelligentsia consists of scholars, academics, teachers, journalists, and literary writers.
Since her parents were members of the Moscow intelligentsia, their children's education was a high priority. [2] As a result, she studied under private tutors. [1] While her family did not fully understand her interest in science, they did not discourage her, and she would read professional literature and conduct simple experiments at home. [2]
The Intelligenzaktion (German pronunciation: [ɪntɛliˈɡɛnt͡s.akˌt͡sjoːn]), or the Intelligentsia mass shootings [citation needed], was a series of mass murders which was committed against the Polish intelligentsia (teachers, priests, physicians, and other prominent members of Polish society) early in the Second World War (1939–45) by Nazi Germany.
The Ilustrados (Spanish: [ilusˈtɾaðos], "erudite", [1] "learned" [2] or "enlightened ones" [3]) constituted the Filipino intelligentsia (educated class) during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century. [4] [5] Elsewhere in New Spain (of which the Philippines were part), the term gente de razón carried a similar meaning.
Women – even pregnant ones – were nailed to the ground with bayonets, children were ripped apart by their legs, others were impaled on pitchforks and thrown over fences, members of intelligentsia were tied with barbed wire and thrown into wells, arms, legs and heads were chopped off with axes, tongues were cut out, ears and noses were cut ...
The Narodniks [a] were members of a movement of the Russian Empire intelligentsia in the 1860s and 1870s, some of whom became involved in revolutionary agitation against tsarism. Their ideology, known as Narodism, Narodnism or Narodnichestvo, [b] was a form of agrarian socialism, though it is often misunderstood as populism. [1] [2]
Free-floating intellectuals or free-floating intelligentsia (German: Freischwebende Intelligenz) is a term from the sociology of knowledge that was used by the sociologist and philosopher Karl Mannheim in 1929, but was originally coined by the sociologist Alfred Weber. [1]
Then called "mulattoes", they were sometimes not enslaved by their white slave-holding fathers and comprised a large part of the free black population in the South. [7] In addition, numbers of Africans escaped to freedom during the American Revolution. Others were manumitted by their enslavers. The free black community in the US had therefore ...