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The intelligentsia is a status class composed of the university-educated people of a society who engage in the complex mental labours by which they critique, shape, and lead in the politics, policies, and culture of their society; [1] as such, the intelligentsia consists of scholars, academics, teachers, journalists, and literary writers.
His family was of Armenian origin. [1] [2] [4] His parents were Apolonia, née Świetlik, and Józef Łukasiewicz, a member of the local intelligentsia nobility entitled to use the Łada coat of arms and a veteran of Kościuszko's Uprising.
The Intelligenzaktion (German pronunciation: [ɪntɛliˈɡɛnt͡s.akˌt͡sjoːn]), or the Intelligentsia mass shootings [citation needed], was a series of mass murders which was committed against the Polish intelligentsia (teachers, priests, physicians, and other prominent members of Polish society) early in the Second World War (1939–45) by Nazi Germany.
Free-floating intellectuals or free-floating intelligentsia (German: Freischwebende Intelligenz) is a term from the sociology of knowledge that was used by the sociologist and philosopher Karl Mannheim in 1929, but was originally coined by the sociologist Alfred Weber. [1]
The Modern French word bourgeois (/ ˈ b ʊər ʒ w ɑː / ⓘ BOORZH-wah or / b ʊər ˈ ʒ w ɑː / ⓘ boorzh-WAH, French: ⓘ) derived from the Old French borgeis or borjois ('town dweller'), which derived from bourg ('market town'), from the Old Frankish burg ('town'); in other European languages, the etymologic derivations include the Middle English burgeis, the Middle Dutch burgher, the ...
Since her parents were members of the Moscow intelligentsia, their children's education was a high priority. [2] As a result, she studied under private tutors. [1] While her family did not fully understand her interest in science, they did not discourage her, and she would read professional literature and conduct simple experiments at home. [2]
The Narodniks [a] were members of a movement of the Russian Empire intelligentsia in the 1860s and 1870s, some of whom became involved in revolutionary agitation against tsarism. Their ideology, known as Narodism, Narodnism or Narodnichestvo, [b] was a form of agrarian socialism, though it is often misunderstood as populism. [1] [2]
Poles were seen by German state during the war as subhuman. Prisoners of war, [12] as well as many Polish intellectuals and community leaders were murdered. Many of the crimes were carried out, with official approval, by the so-called Einsatzkommando 16 and "Selbstschutz", or paramilitary organizations of ethnic Germans with previously Polish ...