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  2. Irreducible fraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreducible_fraction

    An irreducible fraction (or fraction in lowest terms, simplest form or reduced fraction) is a fraction in which the numerator and denominator are integers that have no other common divisors than 1 (and −1, when negative numbers are considered). [1]

  3. World War I reparations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_reparations

    During the First World War, Germany did not raise taxes or create new ones to pay for war-time expenses. Rather, loans were taken out, placing Germany in an economically precarious position as more money entered circulation, destroying the link between paper money and the gold reserve that had been maintained before the war.

  4. Productivity-improving technologies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity-improving...

    Paper was made one sheet at a time by hand until development of the Fourdrinier paper machine (c. 1801) which made a continuous sheet. Paper making was severely limited by the supply of cotton and linen rags from the time of the invention of the printing press until the development of wood pulp (c. 1850s)in response to a shortage of rags. [4]

  5. Tariff - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff

    In 1847, he declared: "Give us a protective tariff, and we will have the greatest nation on earth". Once elected, Lincoln implemented a 44-percent tariff during the Civil War—in part to pay for railroad subsidies and for the war effort, and to protect favored industries. After the war, tariffs remained at or above wartime levels.

  6. Euro area crisis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_area_crisis

    However their French, German and Dutch colleagues refused to reduce the Greek debt or to make (their) private banks pay. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] In mid May 2012, the crisis and impossibility to form a new government after elections and the possible victory by the anti-austerity axis led to new speculations Greece would have to leave the eurozone shortly.

  7. Unemployment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment

    Also, full-time students and prisoners are considered to be neither part of the labour force nor unemployed. [70] The number of prisoners can be important. In 1999, economists Lawrence F. Katz and Alan B. Krueger estimated that increased incarceration lowered measured unemployment in the United States by 0.17% between 1985 and the late 1990s.

  8. Real estate economics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_economics

    These companies lend on real estate as one form of investment and adjust their portfolios from time to time to reflect changing economic conditions. Individuals seeking a loan from an insurance company can deal directly with a local branch office or with a local real estate broker who acts as loan correspondent for one or more insurance companies.

  9. Economic history of the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_the...

    The second issue quickly became nearly worthless—but it was redeemed by the new federal government in 1791 at 100 cents on the dollar. At the same time the states, especially Virginia and the Carolinas, issued over 200 million dollars of their own currency. In effect, the paper money was a hidden tax on the people, and indeed was the only ...