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The rural motte-and-bailey castles followed the traditional design, but the urban castles often lacked the traditional baileys, using parts of the town to fulfil this role instead. [73] Motte-and-bailey castles in Flanders were particularly numerous in the south along the Lower Rhine, a fiercely contested border. [74]
A motte and bailey castle. The motte is the hill with the fortified keep on top; the bailey is the larger, fenced area. Philosopher Nicholas Shackel, who coined the term, [1] prefers to speak of a motte-and-bailey doctrine instead of a fallacy. [3] In 2005, Shackel described the reference to medieval castle defense like this: [2]
This digital elevation model shows the motte just left of centre, with the bailey to the right (north-east) of it. [1] A motte-and-bailey is a form of castle, with a wooden or stone keep situated on a raised earthwork called a motte, accompanied by an enclosed courtyard, or bailey, surrounded by a protective ditch and palisade.
A bailey or ward in a fortification is a leveled courtyard, typically enclosed by a curtain wall. In particular, a medieval type of European castle is known as a motte-and-bailey. Castles and fortifications may have more than one bailey, and the enclosure wall building material may have been at first in wood, and later transitioned to stone ...
In medieval castles, the area surrounded by a curtain wall, with or without towers, is known as the bailey. [4] The outermost walls with their integrated bastions and wall towers together make up the enceinte or main defensive line enclosing the site.
Motte and bailey castles usually had two main parts, both surrounded by wet or dry moats, then a wooden palisade. First constructed was the motte, or earthen mound, that was topped by a wooden tower. The tower was a last defense in an attack, and sometimes the lord's residence.
Henry I of England, Duke of Normandy, added an octagonal stone keep to the motte. After 1161, important reinforcement work saw this keep raised and augmented; the wooden palisade of the motte converted to stone, thus forming a chemise; and the outer wall of the bailey was
The motte-and-bailey castle dates back to the middle Ages from about 1066 to 1540. [3] Originally Twmpath Castle was a Welsh camp called Caer Cynwrig, which was captured and occupied by the Normans and became the third largest motte in the Lordship of Glamorgan. [8]