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  2. Axolemma - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axolemma

    In neuroscience, the axolemma (from Greek lemma 'membrane, envelope', and 'axo-' from axon [1]) is the cell membrane of an axon, [1] the branch of a neuron through which signals (action potentials) are transmitted. The axolemma is a three-layered, bilipid membrane. Under standard electron microscope preparations, the structure is approximately ...

  3. Axonal transport - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axonal_transport

    Axonal transport, also called axoplasmic transport or axoplasmic flow, is a cellular process responsible for movement of mitochondria, lipids, synaptic vesicles, proteins, and other organelles to and from a neuron's cell body, through the cytoplasm of its axon called the axoplasm. [1]

  4. Glycolysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis

    Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6) into pyruvate and, in most organisms, occurs in the liquid part of cells (the cytosol). The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). [ 1 ]

  5. Biological neuron model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_neuron_model

    The neuron is bound by an insulating cell membrane and can maintain a concentration of charged ions on either side that determines a capacitance C m. The firing of a neuron involves the movement of ions into the cell, that occurs when neurotransmitters cause ion channels on the cell membrane to open.

  6. Action potential - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential

    Each excitable patch of membrane has two important levels of membrane potential: the resting potential, which is the value the membrane potential maintains as long as nothing perturbs the cell, and a higher value called the threshold potential. At the axon hillock of a typical neuron, the resting potential is around –70 millivolts (mV) and ...

  7. Synaptic vesicle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_vesicle

    The formation of the new membrane is a protein mediated process and can only occur under certain conditions. After an action potential, Ca 2+ floods to the presynaptic membrane. Ca 2+ binds to specific proteins in the cytoplasm, one of which is synaptotagmin, which in turn trigger the complete fusion of the synaptic vesicle with the cellular ...

  8. Polyol pathway - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyol_pathway

    While most cells require the action of insulin for glucose to gain entry into the cell, the cells of the retina, kidney, and nervous tissues are insulin-independent, so glucose moves freely across the cell membrane, regardless of the action of insulin. The cells will use glucose for energy as normal, and any glucose not used for energy will ...

  9. Voltage-gated sodium channel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated_sodium_channel

    An alpha subunit forms the core of the channel and is functional on its own. When the alpha subunit protein is expressed by a cell, it is able to form a pore in the cell membrane that conducts Na + in a voltage-dependent way, even if beta subunits or other known modulating proteins are not expressed. When accessory proteins assemble with α ...

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