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Affirmative action was first created from Executive Order 10925, which was signed by President John F. Kennedy on 6 March 1961 and required that government employers "not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, creed, color, or national origin" and "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are ...
The affirmative action of the Chinese government has been called into question, especially from the ethnic group of Han Chinese. Unfair policies on Chinese college entrance exams as well as human rights considered to be favoring the national minority have both been believed to be causing reverse discrimination in the mainland.
Affirmative action policies were developed to address long histories of discrimination faced by minorities and women, which reports suggest produced corresponding unfair advantages for whites and males. [23] [24] They first emerged from debates over non-discrimination policies in the 1940s and during the civil rights movement. [25]
Racial and ethnic minorities generally lack the ability to damage the interests of whites, who remain the dominant group in the U.S. [8] [9] Claims of reverse racism tend to ignore such disparities in the exercise of power, [1] [10] [11] which most sociologists and psychologists include in their definition of racism.
In the U.S. political sphere, misogynoir has led to the lack of Black women in politics. The number of Black elected officials has increased since 1965, however Black people remain underrepresented at all levels of government. Black women make up less than 3% of U.S. representatives and there were no Black women in the U.S. Senate as late as 2007.
State legislatures have used gerrymandering along racial lines both to decrease and increase minority representation in state governments and congressional delegations. In Ohio , a conversation between Republican officials was recorded that demonstrated that redistricting was being done to aid their political candidates. [ 177 ]
Women, minorities, and particularly Black women diplomats make it in but still suffer from the entrenched norms of behavior that leave them disadvantaged and vulnerable in such a cutthroat ...
"In 1964 the federal government issued the Civil Rights Act, which barred racial discrimination based on race, sex, religion, or national identity. This act snatched crucial power from many southern states because in effect it reversed the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling by declaring racial segregation unacceptable and unconstitutional." [26]