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  2. Chemical thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics

    Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics. Chemical thermodynamics involves not only laboratory measurements of various thermodynamic properties, but also the application of mathematical methods to the ...

  3. Table of thermodynamic equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_thermodynamic...

    For quasi-static and reversible processes, the first law of thermodynamics is: d U = δ Q − δ W {\displaystyle dU=\delta Q-\delta W} where δQ is the heat supplied to the system and δW is the work done by the system.

  4. Thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics

    Scots-Irish physicist Lord Kelvin was the first to formulate a concise definition of thermodynamics in 1854 [2] which stated, "Thermo-dynamics is the subject of the relation of heat to forces acting between contiguous parts of bodies, and the relation of heat to electrical agency."

  5. Thermodynamic system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system

    In equilibrium thermodynamics the state variables do not include fluxes because in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium all fluxes have zero values by definition. Equilibrium thermodynamic processes may involve fluxes but these must have ceased by the time a thermodynamic process or operation is complete bringing a system to its eventual ...

  6. Laws of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics

    The history of thermodynamics is fundamentally interwoven with the history of physics and the history of chemistry, and ultimately dates back to theories of heat in antiquity. The laws of thermodynamics are the result of progress made in this field over the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

  7. Thermodynamic process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_process

    For thermodynamics, a natural process is a transfer between systems that increases the sum of their entropies, and is irreversible. [2] Natural processes may occur spontaneously upon the removal of a constraint, or upon some other thermodynamic operation , or may be triggered in a metastable or unstable system, as for example in the ...

  8. Equation of state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_state

    In physics and chemistry, an equation of state is a thermodynamic equation relating state variables, which describe the state of matter under a given set of physical conditions, such as pressure, volume, temperature, or internal energy. [1] [2] Most modern equations of state are formulated in the Helmholtz free energy.

  9. Thermodynamic equilibrium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium

    Classical thermodynamics deals with states of dynamic equilibrium.The state of a system at thermodynamic equilibrium is the one for which some thermodynamic potential is minimized (in the absence of an applied voltage), [2] or for which the entropy (S) is maximized, for specified conditions.