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Else, recursively merge the first ⌊k/2⌋ lists and the final ⌈k/2⌉ lists, then binary merge these. When the input lists to this algorithm are ordered by length, shortest first, it requires fewer than n ⌈log k ⌉ comparisons, i.e., less than half the number used by the heap-based algorithm; in practice, it may be about as fast or slow ...
To execute the merge itself, the overall smallest element is repeatedly replaced with the next input element. After that, the games to the top are replayed. This example uses four sorted arrays as input. {2, 7, 16} {5, 10, 20} {3, 6, 21} {4, 8, 9} The algorithm is initiated with the heads of each input list.
Modern Sort/Merge programs also can copy files, select or omit certain records, summarize records, remove duplicates, reformat records, append new data and produce reports. Indeed, most Sort/Merge applications use the wide range of additional processing capabilities, rather than purely sorting or merging records: the Sort/Merge product is a ...
Repeat until you have one list containing all the data, sorted—in log 2 (n) passes. Instead of starting with very short runs, usually a hybrid algorithm is used, where the initial pass will read many records into memory, do an internal sort to create a long run, and then distribute those long runs onto the output set. The step avoids many ...
Run a first merge pass combining 25×100 MB chunks at a time, resulting in 20×2.5 GB sorted chunks. Run a second merge pass to merge the 20×2.5 GB sorted chunks into a single 50 GB sorted result; Although this requires an additional pass over the data, each read is now 4 MB long, so only 1/5 of the disk's time is spent seeking.
Used in Python 2.3 and up, and Java SE 7. Insertion sorts Insertion sort: determine where the current item belongs in the list of sorted ones, and insert it there; Library sort; Patience sorting; Shell sort: an attempt to improve insertion sort; Tree sort (binary tree sort): build binary tree, then traverse it to create sorted list
A polyphase merge sort is a variation of a bottom-up merge sort that sorts a list using an initial uneven distribution of sub-lists (runs), primarily used for external sorting, and is more efficient than an ordinary merge sort when there are fewer than eight external working files (such as a tape drive or a file on a hard drive).
It combines the speed of insertion sort on small data sets with the speed of merge sort on large data sets. [8] To avoid having to make a series of swaps for each insertion, the input could be stored in a linked list, which allows elements to be spliced into or out of the list in constant time when the position in the list is known. However ...