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A programme with an integrated loudness of −26 LUFS measures −3 LU in EBU Mode (i.e. is 3 LU quieter than the target level). LRA Loudness Range [8] A statistically determined value that describes the loudness variation (dynamics) of a programme. R 128 does not prescribe a maximum loudness range. LRA could be limited arbitrarily during ...
In these studies, envelope-based acoustic measures such as number of bursts and peaks in the envelope were predictive of listeners’ abilities to identify sounds based primarily on ENV p cues. On the other hand, identification of brief environmental sounds without strong temporal patterning in ENV p may require a much larger number of ...
Acoustic phonetics is a subfield of phonetics, which deals with acoustic aspects of speech sounds. Acoustic phonetics investigates time domain features such as the mean squared amplitude of a waveform, its duration, its fundamental frequency, or frequency domain features such as the frequency spectrum, or even combined spectrotemporal features and the relationship of these properties to other ...
Musical acoustics or music acoustics is a multidisciplinary field that combines knowledge from physics, [1] [2] [3] psychophysics, [4] organology [5] (classification of the instruments), physiology, [6] music theory, [7] ethnomusicology, [8] signal processing and instrument building, [9] among other disciplines.
Expressed in decibels, the dynamic range is 20 log (Vmax/Vmin). For example, a device with an input range of ±10 V and a dynamic range of 110 dB will be able to measure a signal as small as 10 μV. Thus, the input range and the specified dynamic range are important for determining the needs of your instrumentation system.
Historically, loudness was measured using an ear-balancing method with an audiometer in which the amplitude of a sine wave was adjusted by the user to equal the perceived loudness of the sound being evaluated. [6] Contemporary standards for measurement of loudness are based on the summation of energy in critical bands. [7]
Measurements based on psychoacoustics, such as the measurement of noise, often use a weighting filter. It is well established that human hearing is more sensitive to some frequencies than others, as demonstrated by equal-loudness contours, but it is not well appreciated that these contours vary depending on the type of sound. The measured ...
Most studies of prosody have been based on auditory analysis using auditory scales. Auditorily, the major prosodic variables are: pitch of the voice (varying between low and high) length of sounds (varying between short and long) loudness, or prominence (varying between soft and loud) timbre or phonatory quality (quality of sound)