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The disease can also be caused by inhalation of nitrous oxide, which inactivates vitamin B12. [ 11 ] Vitamin E deficiency , which is associated with malabsorption disorders such as cystic fibrosis and Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome , [ 12 ] can cause a similar presentation due to the degeneration of the dorsal columns .
A diagnosis of vitamin B 12 deficiency is determined by blood levels lower than 200 or 250 picograms per ml (148 or 185 picomoles per liter). Measurement of blood methylmalonic acid (MMA), a vitamin B 12-associated metabolite, is a commonly used biomarker. [2] Deficiency is often suspected first, as diagnosis usually requires several tests.
One of the most notable proponents was the Soviet player Alexei Pavlovich Sokolsky (1908–1969), who often used it in high-level play. Sokolsky wrote a monograph on the opening in 1963, Debyut 1 b2–b4, which would lead to the opening being called the "Sokolsky Opening". Sokolsky's work defended the viability of the opening even at the ...
The Budapest Gambit (or Budapest Defence) is a chess opening that begins with the moves: . 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e5. Despite an early debut in 1896, the Budapest Gambit received attention from leading players only after a win as Black by Grandmaster Milan Vidmar over Akiba Rubinstein in 1918. [2]
d4 f5 It may also arise by transposition from the Staunton Gambit against the Dutch Defense , 1.d4 f5 2.e4!?, if Black declines the gambit with 2...d6. The defense is named for János Balogh (1892–1980), who was a Hungarian International Master of correspondence chess , and a strong master at over-the-board chess.
The Bishop's Opening is a chess opening that begins with the moves: . 1. e4 e5 2. Bc4. White attacks Black's f7-square and prevents Black from advancing the d-pawn to d5. By ignoring the beginner's maxim "develop knights before bishops", White leaves their f-pawn unblocked, preserving the possibility of f2–f4.
An alternative approach for White is 3.Bc4, delaying d2–d4, or forgoing it entirely, playing d2–d3 instead. The move 3.Bc4 is also White's route to a possible Légal Trap. Some continuations: 3...Nc6 transposes to the Semi-Italian Opening. [36] 3...f5 is the López Countergambit: [37] 4.d4 transposes to the Philidor Countergambit. [38]
White can decline the gambit by supporting the e-pawn with 4.d3. The resulting position is similar to a King's Gambit Declined with colours reversed, and White's king bishop aiming at Black's weakened kingside. Black will have trouble castling kingside, and Ng5 is a likely threat. White's position is better, but still requires careful play.