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Disfavor ran rampant against the state of radio in the 1930s and 1940s. Chief among the complaints: the vulgarity of radio commercials and overcommercialization, the erosion of so-called "sustaining (non-commercial) programs", the influence of advertisers to shape news coverage, and the lax performance of broadcasters to abide by their original obligations towards public service. [5]
The code paved the way for the development of the Broadcast Standards and Practices (BS&P) departments of the terrestrial broadcast networks (NBC, CBS, ABC) and most cable networks. After the Television Code's demise and with the burden of self-regulation now falling to networks, the BS&P offices were forced to produce their own written codes ...
Many countries in Europe and Japan have implemented publicly funded media with public service obligations in order to meet the needs that are not satisfied by free commercial media. [11] [12] [13] However, the public service media are under increasing pressure due to competition from commercial media, [14] as well as political pressure. [15]
Power Without Responsibility (subtitled: The Press and Broadcasting in Britain or Press, Broadcasting and the Internet in Britain) is a book written by James Curran (Professor of Communications at Goldsmiths College) and Jean Seaton (Professor of Media History at the University of Westminster).
In the US, broadcasting falls under the jurisdiction of the Federal Communications Commission.. Some of the more notable aspects of broadcast law involve: frequency allocation: The division of the spectrum into unlicensed frequency bands -- ISM band and U-NII—and licensed frequency bands -- television channel frequencies, FM broadcast band, amateur radio frequency allocations, etc.
The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 (47 U.S.C. § 396) issued the congressional corporate charter for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), a private nonprofit corporation funded by taxpayers to disburse grants to public broadcasters in the United States. [20]
Cable companies on the other hand took a pro-subscriber side, saying that what is free already – e.g., households with antennas can receive a signal for free – should remain free. [ 11 ] Another media source have revealed that, on the issue of cable operators "must-carry" cable television broadcasters option stated in the Cable Act of 1992 ...
A broadcast license is a type of spectrum license granting the licensee permission to use a portion of the radio frequency spectrum in a given geographical area for broadcasting purposes. The licenses generally include restrictions, which vary from band to band.