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  2. Köhler illumination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Köhler_illumination

    Köhler illumination is a method of specimen illumination used for transmitted and reflected light (trans- and epi-illuminated) optical microscopy.Köhler illumination acts to generate an even illumination of the sample and ensures that an image of the illumination source (for example a halogen lamp filament) is not visible in the resulting image.

  3. Relay lens - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay_lens

    In optics, a relay lens is a lens or a group of lenses that receives the image from the objective lens and relays it to the eyepiece. Relay lenses are found in refracting telescopes , endoscopes , and periscopes to optically manipulate the light path , extend the length of the whole optical system , and usually serve the purpose of inverting ...

  4. Polarized light microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarized_light_microscopy

    Polarizing microscope operating principle Depiction of internal organs of a midge larva via birefringence and polarized light microscopy. Polarized light microscopy can mean any of a number of optical microscopy techniques involving polarized light. Simple techniques include illumination of the sample with polarized light.

  5. Point spread function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_spread_function

    The point spread function (PSF) describes the response of a focused optical imaging system to a point source or point object. A more general term for the PSF is the system's impulse response; the PSF is the impulse response or impulse response function (IRF) of a focused optical imaging system. The PSF in many contexts can be thought of as the ...

  6. Stereo microscope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo_microscope

    The stereo, stereoscopic or dissecting microscope is an optical microscope variant designed for low magnification observation of a sample, typically using light reflected from the surface of an object rather than transmitted through it. The instrument uses two separate optical paths with two objectives and eyepieces to provide slightly ...

  7. Catadioptric system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catadioptric_system

    Léon Foucault developed a catadioptric microscope in 1859 to counteract aberrations of using a lens to image objects at high power. [2] In 1876 a French engineer, A. Mangin, invented what has come to be called the Mangin mirror, a concave glass reflector with the silver surface on the rear side of the glass. The two surfaces of the reflector ...

  8. Dispersion staining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_staining

    There are five basic optical configurations of the microscope used for dispersion staining. Each configuration has its advantages and disadvantages. The first two of these, Becke` line dispersion staining and oblique dispersion staining, were first reported in the United States by F. E. Wright in 1911 based on work done by O. Maschke in Germany ...

  9. Magneto-optic Kerr effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto-optic_Kerr_effect

    A Kerr microscope relies on the MOKE in order to image differences in the magnetization on a surface of magnetic material. In a Kerr microscope, the illuminating light is first passed through a polarizer filter, then reflects from the sample and passes through an analyzer polarizing filter, before going through a regular optical microscope ...