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An American Christian family's Bible dating to 1859. Disputes regarding the internal consistency and textual integrity of the Bible have a long history.. Classic texts that discuss questions of inconsistency from a critical secular perspective include the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus by Baruch Spinoza, the Dictionnaire philosophique of Voltaire, the Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot and The Age ...
This is an outline of commentaries and commentators.Discussed are the salient points of Jewish, patristic, medieval, and modern commentaries on the Bible. The article includes discussion of the Targums, Mishna, and Talmuds, which are not regarded as Bible commentaries in the modern sense of the word, but which provide the foundation for later commentary.
The historical reliability of the Gospels is evaluated by experts who have not reached complete consensus. While all four canonical gospels contain some sayings and events that may meet at least one of the five criteria for historical reliability used in biblical studies, [note 1] the assessment and evaluation of these elements is a matter of ongoing debate.
Modern Biblical criticism (as opposed to pre-Modern criticism) is the use of critical analysis to understand and explain the Bible without appealing to the supernatural. . During the eighteenth century, when it began as historical-biblical criticism, it was based on two distinguishing characteristics: (1) the scientific concern to avoid dogma and bias by applying a neutral, non-sectarian ...
Specific collections of biblical writings, such as the Hebrew Bible and Christian Bibles, are considered sacred and authoritative by their respective faith groups. [11] The limits of the canon were effectively set by the proto-orthodox churches from the 1st throughout the 4th century; however, the status of the scriptures has been a topic of scholarly discussion in the later churches.
Most modern scholars hold that the canonical gospel accounts were written between 70 and 100, [167] [page needed] four to eight decades after the crucifixion, although based on earlier traditions and texts, such as "Q", Logia or sayings gospels, the passion account or other earlier literature (See List of Gospels).
Sinaiticus, Matthew 6:4-32. 6:7. υποκριται (hypocrites) – Βג syr cur εθνικοι (gentiles) –א. 6:8. ο πατηρ υμων (your Father) – א* D L W Z Θ 0170 f 1 f 13 Byz ο θεος ο πατηρ υμων (God your Father) – א 1 B cop sa. 6:15. τα παραπτωματα αυτων – B omit – א D f 1. 6:16
The statement, known as the Shema Yisrael, after its first two words in Hebrew, says "Hear, O Israel: Yahweh our God, Yahweh is one" (Deuteronomy 6:4). In the New Testament, Jesus upholds the unity of God by quoting these words in Mark 12:29. The Apostle Paul also affirms the unity of God in verses like Ephesians 4:6. [59]
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