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Tempered or toughened glass is a type of safety glass processed by controlled thermal or chemical treatments to increase its strength compared with normal glass. Tempering puts the outer surfaces into compression and the interior into tension .
Also unlike toughened glass, chemically strengthened glass may be cut after strengthening, but loses its added strength within approximately 20 mm of the cut. Similarly, when the surface of chemically strengthened glass is deeply scratched, this area loses its additional strength. Another negative of chemically strengthened glass is the added cost.
Toughened glass is processed by controlled thermal or chemical treatments to increase its strength compared with normal glass. [6] Tempering, by design, creates balanced internal stresses which causes the glass sheet, when broken, to crumble into small granular chunks of similar size and shape instead of splintering into random, jagged shards.
Imperfections of the glass, such as bubbles, and in particular surface flaws, such as scratches, have a great effect on the strength of glass and decrease it even more than for other brittle materials. [2] [1] The chemical composition of the glass also impacts its tensile strength. [3]
In automobiles, the laminated glass panel is around 6.5 mm (0.26 inches) thick, in comparison to airplane glass being three times as thick. [21] In airliners on the front and side cockpit windows, there is often three plies of 4 mm toughened glass with 2.6 mm thick PVB between them.
A Nokia N8 with a Gorilla Glass screen. Gorilla Glass, developed and manufactured by Corning, is a brand of chemically strengthened glass now in its ninth generation. Designed to be thin, light, and damage-resistant, its surface strength and crack-resistance are achieved through immersion in a hot potassium-salt ion-exchange bath.
Optical glass refers to a quality of glass suitable for the manufacture of optical systems such as optical lenses, prisms or mirrors.Unlike window glass or crystal, whose formula is adapted to the desired aesthetic effect, optical glass contains additives designed to modify certain optical or mechanical properties of the glass: refractive index, dispersion, transmittance, thermal expansion and ...
A typical installation of insulated glass windows with uPVC frames. Possibly the earliest use of double glazing was in Siberia, where it was observed by Henry Seebohm in 1877 as an established necessity in the Yeniseysk area where the bitterly cold winter temperatures regularly fall below -50 °C, indicating how the concept may have started: [2]