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Semi-empirical ozone depletion potential, ODP (normalized to be 1 for R-11) Net global warming potential , GWP, over a 100-year time horizon (normalized to be 1 for R-744 , carbon dioxide) Occupational exposure limit / permissible exposure limit in parts per million (volume per volume) over a time-weighted average (TWA) concentration for a ...
Ozone hole in North America during 1984 (abnormally warm, reducing ozone depletion) and 1997 (abnormally cold, resulting in increased seasonal depletion). Source: NASA [46] The Antarctic ozone hole is an area of the Antarctic stratosphere in which the recent ozone levels have dropped to as low as 33 percent of their pre-1975 values. [47]
The Weather Channel A hole in our atmosphere more than twice the size of the United States is finally beginning to close up, and might even be completely gone by the end of the century, according ...
Cosplay is a major part of the anime and manga fandom. The anime and manga fandom is a worldwide community of fans of anime and manga. Anime includes animated series, films and videos, while manga includes manga, graphic novels, drawings, and related artworks. The anime and manga fandom traces back to the 1970s and has an international reach.
It has an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of 0.07. [11] This is low compared to the ODP=1 of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11, R-11), which also grew about ten times more abundant in the atmosphere by year 1985 (prior to introduction of HCFC-142b and the Montreal Protocol). HCFC-142b is also a minor but potent greenhouse gas.
Mario José Molina-Pasquel Henríquez [a] (19 March 1943 – 7 October 2020) [7] was a Mexican physical chemist. He played a pivotal role in the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole, and was a co-recipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his role in discovering the threat to the Earth's ozone layer from chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gases.
HFOs have an ozone depletion potential of 0.0, compared to the 1.0 of principal CFC-11, and a low GWP which make them environmentally safer alternatives to CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] Hydrofluoroolefins serve as functional replacements for applications where high GWP hydrofluorocarbons were once used.